فهرست مطالب saied reza ameli

One of the main features of open-world games is the non-linear process, the existence of multiple ways to achieve goals, the noticeable presence of cultural elements, the impact of the game space on world-famous cities, and the significant use of artificial intelligence. This research after examining the concept of "open world" in digital games and the development of this design model by using of case study and participant observation, with a critical and skeptical look at the realization of the game world of "Grand Theft Auto V and online version", especially in the context of the existence of multiple paths, seeks to achieve the main goals. The results of this study indicate that the open world of the game "Grand Theft Auto" is limited and enclosed by the design of the structure, storylines, characters, scenarios, rewards, punishments, racial discrimination, and sexual preferences. Despite the definition of normal and common professions and jobs in the game environment, such as buying and selling automobiles, investing in the stock market, medicine, working in the transportation system, and store management, the main goals are only through the income from membership in mafia groups, extensive trade in materials. Drugs and organized robberies are attainable, and role-playing in the position of the police is also associated with many obstacles and challenges, limited powers, few initiatives, a high degree of difficulty, and little attraction.

Innovation is crucial for societal progress and the resolution of social challenges. However, there are differences between innovation arising from the market and innovation arising from society and people. Market innovation typically aims to develop products or services that can be sold for a profit, while innovation arising from society is often motivated by addressing societal challenges and improving the lives of individuals. Innovation arising from society and people is typically driven by a different set of players, priorities, motivations, resources, and places of activity compared to the institutions of science, technology, and innovation. While scientific innovation is often driven by researchers and institutions with a focus on advancing knowledge and understanding, innovation arising from society is more likely to involve individuals and groups who are directly affected by societal problems and who are motivated to find solutions. One challenge facing innovation arising from society is the issue of sustainability and scalability. Successful innovations must be sustainable over the long term and have the potential to be scaled up to have a broader impact. One potential solution proposed in the article is to tap into the knowledge and experience of retirees to solve societal problems, particularly in the rural and agricultural sectors. This would enable the transfer of practical skills and knowledge to younger generations, while also providing retirees with meaningful opportunities to contribute to society. Overall, innovation arising from society and people has the potential to address important social challenges and improve people's lives. By recognizing and supporting these innovations, we can accelerate progress and create societies that are more inclusive.

The capacity of social media has made the issue of water crisis, as the biggest environmental problem in the country, one of the most important topics on Persian Twitter. The subject of this research is the framing of water crisis messages based on the environmental justice approach. Leading research question is how environmental journalists and environmental activists active on Twitter frame the water crisis on the basis of environmental justice? To answer this question, the Twitter pages of 30 environmental journalists and environmental activists active on Twitter were monitored between 12 December 1995 and 15 June 1998, and tweets related to the water crisis were collected. After determining the subject, data related to environmental justice were extracted and then analyzed by the qualitative method of framework analysis. In Twitter, due to the predominance of political views, in many cases, fake news has been used to frame issues, but due to the effectiveness of these fake news, we have to pay attention to them in the analysis. Findings indicate that the most important components related to the framework of social justice in the field of water from the perspective of environmental journalists are: lack of attention to ethnic rights or neglect in the issue of water, the dominance of the center model Water management, ignoring women as the main victims of the water crisis.

This paper focuses on the role of influencers as an element of modern governance. As the fields of media, entertainment industry, and politics become increasingly interconnected, the phenomenon of influencer potentially affects many aspects of political life, such as campaigning and voting, policymaking, and international affairs. Using the network analysis method and applying a triple typification of influencers consists of media influencers, influencer politicians in power, and influencer opposition politicians out of power, and selecting 245 nodes on Instagram accounts, the article focuses on how do influencers interact within communication networks? Based on the triple typification, the article tries to find the pattern of networked political communications between influencers in the social network. The results prove that all three types of influencers are more interested in intra-group communication. However, both influencer politicians in power and influencer opposition politicians out of power have relatively similar tendencies to associate with media influencers.

Negative socio-psychological repertoire about adversary exists in many societies plunged in conflicts. The challenge is how to make the structure of the society more flexible for a conflict resolution with enemies. This article examines the attempts of a pro-Iran-deal civil society, the - International Crisis Group, to change the negative societal beliefs regarding Iran, which exist in the American society. By using the unfreezing theory of Bar-Tal and Halperin (2011 b) as well as the NVIVO 12, which is qualitative content analysis methodology, this paper attempts to analyze this procedure from 2011 to 2016. The International Crisis Group made an effort to break the rigidity of barriers and remove their content in the American society. This trend of Iran unfreezing started in 2011 and increased in 2013, during the presidency of Hassan Rohani in Iran. Results indicate that the International Crisis Group fought against the rigid discourse that exists in the US about Iran through four main principles: removing the perception of Iran as a threat, legitimizing and humanizing Iran’s image, emphasizing the importance of the course of time, and expanding new information and alternative data about the US-Iran conflict. This new information aimed at justifying Iran’s actions and giving roadmaps for the future policies of the US toward Iran.

This Study shows that U.S. public diplomacy toward the Muslim World has undergone a "strategic shift" after experiencing the pathologies of its past inefficiencies. The focus of U.S. public diplomacy agents has shifted from trying to distribute a coherent system of "messages" to consolidating resources to create an interconnected network of "relationships." Unlike in the past, which the audience of the U.S. public diplomacy in a "One-way" and "Information-based" process which has a certain number of "passive, single and hesitant viewers, readers and listeners" for American television networks, magazines, websites and radio channels; In the new situation, there is a "Two-way" and "Relation-based" process, in which a significant network of "active, like-minded and organized participants" are the target audience of U.S. public diplomacy. The partnership is part of the U.S. social, economic, political, and human rights Initiatives. According to the documents these activists set up a "network of strategic partners" for the United States and will be "Agents of Change" in their transitional societies.

This study seeks to examine the virtual mourning as one of the memory practices among some of Iranian Facebook users. Three research questions guided the study as I sought to explore 1) the factors are involved in experiencing the extension of mournful remembering from real space to virtual space like Facebook, 2) the reasons these users have for continuing this experience to Facebook and 3) how this extension changes remembering and media-related practices. In order to answer these questions, dual spacization paradigm and combination of several perspectives and concepts from communication, sociology and psychology have been used. I conducted the deeply semi structured interviews with 16 ordinary Facebook users who had lost their beloved in recent years. The special experience of users, analyzed by MAX QDA, was interpreted that thanks to technologies of recording and preserving memories, mourning as a socio-cultural practice has become a considerably new, untested space. Like other life areas, mourning practices are experiencing a quality of dual- spacization, having different aspects: performative, archival and ritual.

The concept of shopping in cultural studies has been changed by the spread of social media in the form of virtual markets and online shopping, as an identity-maker action. Examining the role of virtual social networks on Tehran people’s shopping experiences, this article aims to identify the differences between shopping experience in virtual and real spaces.To capture the meaning of the shopping experience in the first and second spaces, the present research uses the paradigm of dual spacization, and studying the pattern of shopping behavior in Instagram and Telegram channels, it intends to investigate this dual-spacization field using ethnographic and netnographic methods.Identifying and then explaining, the typology of virtual stimulating and limiting factors through online and offline shopping spaces observations, it turned out that Instagram and Telegram are more an advertising means for real market goods than a space for direct shopping. The research findings show that while shopping for the sake of spending leisure times and hanging around is common in both real and virtual markets, but contrary to the idea of Michel deCerteau and thinkers, who advocate resistance, leisure, pleasure and hanging around of the audience, involving actively in shopping malls and membership in virtual channels, the buyer is engaged in a"consumption cycle" so that consumer tactics have not been able to be used as an emancipating element in the strategy of consumer society.

In recent decades, urban life has faced tremendous changes caused by the advancement of new technologies in the postindustrial context. New technologies address different geographical and physical issues; and socio-political systems adapt themselves to different technological developments. So, over the years, these two spaces (virtual and physical) became merged. Understanding contemporary civic life in urban spaces is possible through recognizing the interactions between these two spaces. This article as a theoretical endeavor tries to shed light on the effects of new technologies on the characteristics of urban spaces. It is structured in two main parts; The first part, is a chronological analysis of the metaphors coined to describe the relationship between physical and virtual in order to define hybrid urban space. In the second part three main characteristics of urban spaces: “legibility”, “sociability”, “diversity of activities” are explored and comparatively analyzed in physical, virtual and hybrid urban spaces. Exploring legibility in the new context shows that the necessity of engagement with physical environment is less than before. Instead, digital and online data about events, history and narratives attached to the places and affect understanding of it. According to sociability, many forms of social interactions which had been transferred to the virtual space are reattached to the physical space via location-based networks. New third places are substantially in-between spaces which should contain physical facilities as much as opportunities for network connection. Hybrid urban spaces are nodes shaped in the intersection of online digital flows and offline physical activities. Different activities can be represented and merged and people can play different roles simultaneously. This paper shows new qualities of good urban spaces are the results of transformation in the way of experiencing urban spaces. Providing good hybrid urban spaces with these new characteristics is a new challenge for urban design and management.

The schemata existing among social groups have a direct impact on the formation of interactions in different societies. People often perceive others as members of a social group and form their own relationships and interactions based on ideas that they have from one another. The study and identification of ideas can be effective in establishing or not establishing communication. This article studies the schemata between members of the Islamic Association and Basij members. Because of this, we tried to use Nishida’s theory of schemata. Based on this theory, schemata is a set of past experiences that are categorized in relevant knowledge groups and used to guide our behavior in familiar situations. According to the definitions of Nishida (1999) and Turner (1987), personal and self-schemata are two of the types of schemata's. The method approach in this study is a qualitative approach. At the end, a Semi-structured interview was conducted between 46 active members of these Groups. Data analysis has been carried out in the form of thematic analysis. Personal schemata of the members of the Islamic Association are identified and categorized against the self-schemata of the members of the Basij in the form of themes and sub-themes. In the following, opposite and similar schemata between the two Student groups have been identified.

This study examines the associations of internet information literacy with two variables: (1) the ability to work with technical aspects of the internet (internet skill), and (2) attitudes about the need for qualitative necessities in the development of e-services. A hierarchical regressions software analyzes data from a national sample of 2134 internet users. In this paper, internet literacy is considered as a literacy which has two-dimensional aspects including information literacy and skill literacy. In an articulation as this, many of the capabilities associated with the internet such as technical, critical, analytical, and structural factors are studied. In addition, abilities that lead users to make distinctions between useful, safe and healthy data and fake, hateful and unhealthy data are taken into account. The analysis shows that the internet information literacy is positively related to internet skills. It is also shown that more internet information literacy leads to more demands for e-services’ qualitative necessities (in the eight indicators of cheapness, availability, usability, quickness, security, integrity, reliability, and transparency). Furthermore, some sociodemographic characteristics (i.e. age, gender, education, income, and place of residence) are explicitly associated with internet skills. Strategy suggestions are concluded for policy making in the respective fields.

Kyoto is a miniature of Japan; through centuries of experience and persistence, it has maintained the symbols of the country’s civil and cultural identity. The city has demonstrated a collection of Japan’s noble identity and characteristics through its material and spiritual heritage. Kyoto’s rich history and its position have gathered a collection of religion-based works, artistic innovations, and cultural heritage and have passed them through to the modern world. Kyoto is the symbol of an effort for the persistence of the city’s identity as well as the, coexistence of the modern and native characteristics within itself which indicates the glocal logic of the city. The question which is raised here is: what are the cultural and identity-related elements of Kyoto which have come together in a glocal structure and how have they been formed as such/in this way? Has Kyotoreally been successful in glocalizing itself in a balanced collection of civil, cultural, and identity-based characteristics and advance in the process? Considering the important role Kyoto plays in reflecting Japan’s history and culture, and the position it holds as the country’s cultural and historical heart, this paper has reviewed the city’s experience as Japan’s cultural capital and has aimed to analyze and specify Kyoto’s persistent and identity-making characteristics in a glocal frame. In the end, the study will form a schema of the solidarity and dynamism of the analyzed elements based on Japan’s identity and culture.

This paper examines the problematization of cultural issues related tothe dual spacization of life. The emergence of the second space of lifeover the first place of life combining local and translocal, national andtransnational capacities and challenges. We discuss the capacities andopportunities occurring through the instant communication industrywhich made the spontaneous connection between absence and presencepossible which overcome the domination of place and distance. We willalso elaborate on the challenges and threats facing cultures because ofaccess to other cultures, subcultures and individuals around the worldwithout having enough time for nurturing the relationship betweeninner cultures and outer cultures as well as facing many abnormalities,distancing from genuine culture and natural communications.

While diplomacy is conducted by diplomats in foreign negotiations, travels and meetings with foreign officials, public diplomacy is conducted by actors who might not be officially introduced. It targets public of the foreign country to establish connections and to show a certain representation of the first country, which ultimately helps diplomatic relations and enforcement of certain foreign policies. New public diplomacy compared with classical public diplomacy is conducted by nongovernmental actors such as NGOs, individuals, movie makers, radio channels, ethnic groups, religious groups, etc. through networks. Therefore it tries to convince the positions and opinions of a foreign public about policies of a country to put pressure on the policy makers and influence their decisions. Israel’s public diplomacy efforts in the U.S. are aimed to try to affect the American public with the final purpose of supportive foreign policy. While most scholarly works have focused on the pro-Israel lobby and looked at it from the perspective of the Jewish diaspora and pro-Israel Americans who work through lobbying, think-tanks, institutions and the media, this study aims to identify the network of Israel’s public diplomacy toward U.S. It applies Gilboa’s model of public diplomacy on Israeli NGOs which act in the realm of public diplomacy. By examining theoretical framework of networked public diplomacy and strategic narrative it tries to understand how network strategy is used and information is circulated to create credibility, identity, and a master narrative to frame Israel in a certain way. Therefore two methods of social network analysis and qualitative content analysis are applied to identify the network of Israel’s public diplomacy in the U.S. and the content produced by it.

Typically، people deal with their environment and talk about their identity، and shape their identity with the results of such negotiations. In situations where the person experiences changes like migration or converting to a new religion in his life، the negotiations will be intensified in order to adapt to the new findings، and leads him/her to choose strategies to adapt to these changes and to reach a new identity. Now the question is: what strategies does the Newly Muslim choose in Iran about the factors of identity، such as name، dress، entertainment، relationships (with friends and relatives)، Sharia (Islamic Laws) and prayers and financial issues in order to achieve a new identity? What aspects of the Identity of the New Muslim Converts are distinct from their identity before Islam? What aspects of their former identity have continued and what are their specific features? The study has been conducted in two stages by interviewing many converts، and with the categorization of the interviews، nine strategies have been extracted about the negotiation of New Muslim Converts’ identity with the Iranian society.

The development in communication as well as the advent of virtual world such as the Internet and weblogs, chat rooms, Emails, etc has made a new virtual world beside the real world. Of course the logic in virtual world compare to real world has deferent meaning, thus understanding these two different worlds needs different languages. Virtual world or virtual space (cyberspace) needs structural capacities, so compare to real world these kinds of capacities are different in functions. In this paper, dimensions of virtual logic as well as virtual cities emphasis on virtual works have been considered. Understanding these kinds of logics can help us to solve the problems of the virtual spaces, of course it can be useful to reduce the costs and complexity of using the space.

Dual spacization of publishing means emergence of digital publishing in online and offline virtual environments along with analogue publishing. Analogue publishing is a kind of publishing that is produced in the form of physical printed writings as they appear in a single paper, single or many pages newspapers and magazines and books, writings on leaves and pieces of trees, natural skin and leather and artificial papers which are a synthesis of natural material. This kind of publishing had a reified manifestation and could not have been existed without being assisted by material. In this article, at first, differences between digital and analogue publishing will be elaborated, then different dimensions and formats of digital text will be discussed to give transparent picture of the potential and unique capacities and characteristics of the electronic publishing comparing to the traditional publishing systems.

With the advent of cyberspace and development of data and information, virtual cities were presented as new forms of city management in different layers and territories. Historic and Tourism virtual city are among eight types of virtual cities. In this article some guidelines were presented in order to design and manage them based on Tehran tourist's need assessment. Theoretical framework of this article is based on Dual globalization paradigm and use of Good Urban Governance theory. For using this theory at urban tourism area, its eight indexes were redefined and finally a three - levels table of hypothetical needs including intercity tourist, intercity tourist and international tourist, constructed. These hypothetical needs were tested by using survey method (online questionnaire). The results of this research, showed the priority needs of Tehran tourists based on which final guidelines for designing and management of Tehran historic tourism virtual city were presented.

This study aims at addressing the question of interaction between people and state in the virtual space which explains the issue of virtual citizenship in Iran. We attempted to examine the position of Iranian citizens in constructing virtual citizenship in Iran. In other words, this paper discusses the position of citizens in the state’s plans and ways of regulations in order to examine the position of Iranian citizens in the construction of virtual citizenship. To elaborate the issue, we studied the fourth and fifth five- year development plans of Iran. We analyzed the mentioned plans by laws’ typology – as the theoretical framework- and Scenario Building - as the methodology of research. Understanding the position of Iranian citizens in the fourth and fifth development plans paves the way for understanding Iranian virtual citizenship. The conclusion point of this paper is that these two five years development plans are positively expanding the virtual services to Iranian citizens in a very comprehensive and wide angles. However, it needs improvement in terms of giving more interactive position between the State and people for producing national data and content and also more interactivity and cooperation and social and political participation.

The existence of various modalities for American Studies indicates the presence of different approaches to this area of studies. American studies in Iran have also been the target of various approaches within the past century. This article seeks to shed light on the concept of American studies from a strategic Iranian perspective. In this view, first the article briefly explains the concept of "America" and the existing intellectual traditions on American studies and later proceeds to introduce titles written or translated into the Persian language on this subject within the past century. The sources introduced were randomly chosen. Contemporary American Studies comprises relevant activities undertaken both before and after the Islamic Revolution. Additionally, while providing a critique of Liberal American Studies and the critical leftist tradition for American studies, the article aims at providing readers with a new paradigm for American studies based on the indigenous and local perspectives.

American Studies purports a wide range of issues including American civil society, social capital and its popular sports. The recent studies on social capital in the United States reveal the importance and attraction of the issue among the American scholars and policy makers. Nonetheless, social capital is the focal point of social and political critics as well. Social capital is the sum of the totality of civil society as a third form of control beside the government as the primary and the market as the secondary forms. The special indication here is on the fact that in any society popular activities are in meaningful association with voluntary participation; hence, in any given nation the civil society conglomerates the collective action along the lines of whatever ritual, norm or activity that suggests more familiar national connotations. The present survey aims to consider social capital in the United States in relation to an instance of voluntary collective activity i.e. baseball. As the American middle class sport, baseball is the American pastime. By baseball participation both playing of the game and spectatorship, either in the form of attending the field or following through the media, are intended. The findings of the survey reveal the absence of causal relationship between baseball participation and social capital. In other words, unlike the variation in social capital, the middle class activity of baseball participation maintains secure digits. Therefore, according to the findings of the survey, the second hypothesis suggesting the meaningful association between baseball participation and social capital is confirmed. Meanwhile, the role of baseball as a major American icon in the Americanization process institutionalized among other countries is another concern of the study, elaborated it is in the conclusion.

The globalization or the new ideological globalizings resulted from Global Communication Industry; both have accelerated the trans-nationalization of cultures and civilizations. In another word, globalization simultaneously has created two voluntary and involuntary global dialogues in the world. Before the emergence of global communication industry or as the Frankfort School has called “global communication industry”, members of the world civilizations had no access to the simultaneous and shared cultural spheres. Although the civilizational spheres were far apart but at the same time they could impact each other in a very long historical process. Entering to the communications era or the single space of communications, an new and inevitable season of civilization`s confrontations emerged which need serious overview in dialogue among civilization. Necessarily the analyses derived from modernity are not sufficiently applicable to these days’ dialogues. With the rise of transportations industry and emergence of virtual space, the world in both virtual and real sphere is minimizing and in this minimized virtual and real world the inter- civilizational and inter- cultural dialogue both need new definitions. This article aims to offer the generalized definition of “Dialogue”, which is based on hermeneutics and later the relation of “Text” in inter-civilizational dialogue and the economic, political and cultural context will be discussed afterwards. We will reach to influence of globalization on dialogue process by analysis of Text and Context`s relations. Having this perspective, four grand historical approaches could be existed; These four approaches based on mathematical look to the beginning and continuation of civilizations, are: Euro-centrism, Americo- centrism, Poly- centrism to civilization. As a conclusion, a new approach derived from global sphere`s to civilization, universalism to civilizations will be discussed.

Mahestan is a shopping centre located in the City of Karaj in west part of Tehran. This building has been constructed based on idea of making connection and friendship between all those elements which considered as a very contradictional issues. Traditional elements belong to 1000 historical heritage of Iranian/Islamic architecture has been amalgamated with high-tech elements of modern architecture such as rotating restaurant, panorama elevator and many advanced modern elements of building construction. This paper is a cultural and semiological decodification of overt and covert meanings existed in the building. For such a decodification, long history of architecture tradition in Iran has been reviewed and at the same time by cultural studies approach many unseen factors of what said and what not said in the building brought into discussion. Mahestan is an example of nostalgic portrayed of Iranian culture, a culture which look for progress and tradition at the same time.