فهرست مطالب saif khan

Tobacco smoke is an established risk factor for periodontitis. However, few studies have evaluated the periodontal status of smokeless tobacco (SLT) users, while that of individuals with dual habits has largely been unexplored. Therefore, the current study aimed to find if the periodontal status in individuals with dual habits of smoking and SLT use is different from those with any single habit.

Four groups (A: exclusive smokers, B: exclusive tobacco chewers, C: individuals with dual habits, and D: non-users of tobacco), each comprising 75 males in the age group of 20 to 35 years, were selected. Along with the history of tobacco use, a modified oral hy - giene index (OHI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and the number of teeth with gingival recession (GR) were recorded. The data were assessed using the Chi-squared test, one-way ANOVA, and logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05.

Group C exhibited the highest mean OHI scores, with 94.66% of participants hav- ing poor oral hygiene (OHI>3.0). The prevalence of severe gingivitis (GI>2.0) was signif - icantly lower among exclusive smokers (group A) and those with dual habits (group C) compared to the other two groups. As much as 60% of group C participants had average PD in the range of 4-6 mm, while deeper average PD (>6 mm) was most common among smokers. The highest risk of having a tooth with GR was also associated with the dual habit (OR = 4.33, 95% CI = 3.24 - 5.76) compared with the non-users.

While both forms of tobacco were associated with poor periodontal status, the additive effect of smoking and SLT use was evident in almost all the parameters, more so with poor oral hygiene and the prevalence of gingival recession. These findings emphasize that individuals with dual habits have an additional risk for periodontal destruction.

In this study we have examined the effect of internal audit committee and external auditor quality on accrual-based measures of accounting conservatism, and the benefits of accounting conservatism on firms’ market performance. Moreover, this study also investigates whether the accrual-based conservatism mediate the relationship between audit committee and external auditor quality factors with market-based firms’ performance. A total of 543 sample firms are selected from the Bursa Malaysia for the period from 2004 to 2013. For data analysis, panel data methodology is employed and structural equation modeling (SEM) technique is used to test the developed hypotheses of this study. Results show that audit committee effectiveness and external auditor quality found to be significant with two-year-lagged effect on accrual-based measure of conservatism. Furthermore, accrual-based measure of conservatism mediated the relationship between (a) audit committee effectiveness and market-based firms’ performance, and (b) external auditor quality and market-based firms’ performance. The findings of this study contribute to the signaling theory, agency theory, reputation theory and accounting conservatism literature in emerging economies settings.

Gutkha is a cheap and convenient betel quid substitute, which is popular among all age groups. Various studies reveal its carcinogenic nature that leads to oral submucosus fibrosis and increases the chances of oral cancer. The micronucleus (MN) assay in exfoliated mucosal cells is a useful method for observing genetic damage in humans.

To observe the genotoxic effect of gutkha on human buccal epithelial cells.

The MN assay was performed to assess the frequency of MN in human buccal epithelial cells. The study comprises 60 individuals of which 30 individuals were gutkha chewers and another 30 were nonusers (control). The MN frequency was scored to estimate the genotoxic damage.

In gutkha users, the frequency of MN was highly significant (17.4 ± 0.944) as compared with nonusers (control) groups (4.53 ± 0.331) (P < 0.001).

The MN assay in human buccal epithelial cells is a useful and minimally invasive method for monitoring genetic damage in humans. A significantly higher frequency of micronucleated cells are found among gutkha users.