فهرست مطالب sajjad ghanbari

Throughout history, there have been various attempts to deconstruct the text of the Holy Quran. One of the more recent theories is Soroush's Prophetic Dream theory, which suggests that the Holy Prophet received and perceived the revelations in a dream-like state. The theory in question aims at deconstructing the nodal points of Islam such as revelation, prophet, and the Holy Text, as well as constructing a new discourse. This study aims to analyze the above theory using Laclau and Mouffe’s theory of discourse, as well as Derrida’s deconstruction. Discourse theory applies deconstruction in order to show how rival discourses strive to gain their voice. In this sense, the first step towards discourse-construction is to deconstruct the dominant discourse and then articulate a new one. The present study finds that the birth-place of the Prophetic Dream theory is the deconstruction by which Soroush will be able to put the moments in crisis and also to articulate the floating signifiers in the field of discursivity.

Geophysical techniques have been successfully used by law enforcement agencies to locate graves and forensic evidences. Nonetheless, more controlled research is needed to better understand the applicability of this technology. Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a non-invasive geophysical method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface. This method can be used in a variety of media, including rock, soil, ice, fresh water, pavements and structures. Different applications of GPR as a convenient geophysical tool have been studied in near-surface assessments for diverse media and targets. Snow is one of the low-loss medium and relatively suitable for GPR studies. Considering geophysical approaches in such environments, we will deliberate how body of a mountain climber was detected in snow due to avalanche occurrence. This kind of study is part of forensic geophysics. First step in such works is to estimate the position of the buried body by inspecting the place cautiously, which is different than routine works. Important points that assist in such cases are avalanche path, and rocks/hills and obstacles in the way after avalanche incident to mountaineer which react as a trap. Against the mountaineer body’s coverings which are formed by non-conductive materials, the body involves highly conductive textures. This phenomenon along with turbulences in snow layers occurred by the avalanche, increase complexity of these kind of studies. However, for investigation in places without avalanche incident and with more homogenous target, the procedure is simpler and straight forward. Looking at the data of mentioned in the case study, initially processed radargrams have no obvious sign of the buried body. Building a synthetic model based on environment and target properties can provide better vision for processing procedure. Therefore, besides forward modelling, some advanced methods were used. The applied advanced process created remarkable changes in radargrams especially when continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is used. It seems that application of some processing parameters leads to higher amplitudes in radargrams. Eventually, more apparent hyperbola related to the target, were appeared that helped to separate snowy layer from beneath rock. In this direction, excavation a trench and laying a survey inside of it which was a convenient place to conduct data acquisition, was helpful to find probable indications to mountaineer’s body location. At the end, excavations revealed the body of climber at the depth around 1m where substantiated the results achieved from advanced processes and interpreted radargrams. Overall, advanced processing approach along with commonly used processes can reap suitable results for data interpretation.

Analysis of the structure of tree species provides a complete information on species diversity, composition, spatial distribution in mixed natural forests. It helps to better understanding of many ecological and silvicultural issues in order to optimal management of the ecosystem. The main objective of this research is to investigate the differences and similarities of sites with different conservation history (Kalale and Vaygan Sites with a long-term conservation history and Kuran Sites with a short-term conservation history) in terms of diversity and composition of the tree structure in Arasbaran forests. For this purpose, nine hectares with one-hectare sample plot were inventoried with full-callipering method. The measured characteristics were type of species, distance and azimuth of each tree from the last tree, diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height. The spatial pattern of trees was determined by the modified K-Ripley function. Based on the results, 14 species were observed in the three study areas. Four species of hornbeam (68 %), maple (8 %), yew (7 %) and persian oak (2.5 %) composed of about 88% of the total density of trees. Kalale site (15.29 m2) and Kuran (0.26 m2) had the highest and lowest basal-area per hectare, respectively. Kalale and Vaygan sites had a wide range of diameter classes in comparison with the Kuran site. L function showed that almost all species had cluster distribution and only hornbeam had a random distribution in Kuran site. Therefore, every intervention in order to tending reclamation andenrichment of the studied stands should be based on making species mixture and keeping clustered spatial pattern and also it should be avoided pure species reforestation to ensureboth biodiversity and sustainability of stands

Understanding of biodiversity status can be applied as a guide to better ecosystem management. The ecosystem ecological sustainability is ensured by high species diversity and better conservation. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the species diversity of trees and shrubs in the Guijeh-bel region of Ahar and to determine species diversity using related indicators, as well as the relationship between biodiversity and physiographic factors. Sampling was done in 48 circular sample plots, each 314m2, by a random-systematic method within a 150×200m network. In each sample plot, a list of all of tree and shrub species with abundant-overcome values was recorded based on the Brown Blanche scale. The results showed that there were 13 woody species. Smilax excelsa L. and Rhamnus sp. had the highest (39%) and the lowest (0.04%) presence in the sample plots, respectively. The number of stems varied from 10 to 110 stems of different species in the sample plots. Two index species of Arasbaran region, Acer campestre L. and Viburnum lantana L., were observed in this area. Viburnum lantana and Acer campestre were often found on the western and the eastern aspects, respectively. The main effects of slope on the Taxa, Simpson, Shannon-Weiner and Margaleff indicators were not significant. The main effect of aspect was significant on the taxa index at 1% level and on other indicators at 5% level. The average of all indicators of diversity in the western aspect was higher than those of other aspects. The results of clustering of vegetation composition confirmed the results of the comparison of the site diversity indices. According to the results of the coefficient of variation, the taxa and Margalaf indices had the highest coefficient of variation. Therefore, in other studies, as well as assessment of the effects of management and monitoring of vegetation changes, it is recommended to use the indicators. Based on the results of this study, the high values of slope steepness and biodiversity, provides the protection of the area.

At recent decades, Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) have been considered as one of the important components in sustainable forest management and poverty reduction of local communities. These products are a sustainable income source for local people beside of other income source such as agriculture and animal husbandry. This factor create engagement and incentive to protect forests as sources of sustainable. Understanding the importance of these products without knowing the species and characteristics of quantity and quality of production of these species will be impossible. The aim of this study was to estimate the amount of production, the economic importance of these products in household’s income in three forest villages at Rudsar county of Guilan province. In this study, two methods were used. At first, inventory was used for estimating of fruit production and at second the socio-economic survey was done using questionnaire. Inventory was done systematically randomly with 30 samples with dimensions of 100 by 100 meters (one hectare). Within each sample, the nearest tree to the plot center was selected to measure the amount of production fruit. At the socio economic surveying 120 households at three villages was censed by the semi-structured interviews and direct observations in summer 2015. The results showed that the fruit production of each tree was about 25 kg. Based on the number of Diospyros lotus species per hectare (17 trees), about 425 kg fruit per hectare was produced. Total fruit collected by households of three villages of Lusara, Nurmash, and Siyahgal Chal was 3880 kg. The average annual harvest of households was 32 kg. Gross annual household income from fruit harvested varied from 230 to 2100 thousand Rials. The expected value of forest from fruit sources was 6050000 Rials per hectare. The fruit collection create employment for 15 person’s day annually. These products create a good income for households. But at the current situation, the share of income of these products was relatively low. In addition to income, it is led to creating the employment opportunities. According to high addition value of processing operations, processing has been stated as a main income source. Establishing the local cooperative, holding educational courses, setting up the processing factories can increase income of households from these products.

Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) play a main role in rural household’s economy directly and indirectly. In developing countries, livelihood of 600 million people depends on these products. NWFPs are important in increasing income and improving the economic situation of rural areas with high forest density. The aim of this research was to estimate the amount of production, collection, role of plum fruit in household’s income at Rudsar county of Guilan province. In order to estimating of fruit production, inventory was done systematically- randomly with 30 sample plots of one hectare (with dimensions of 100 by 100 meters) each. To estimate the collection and contribution of NWFPs in total household income, 120 households was censed at three villages by the semi-structured interviews and direct observations in summer 2015. The correlation analysis between tree traits and fruit production showed that diameter at breast height (DBH) had a high and significant correlation (0.64) with fruit production. The mean fruit production was about 8.5 kg per tree. Average tree density was 13 tree per ha. Total fruit collection and annual average collection by households was 3500 kg and 29 kg, respectively. Net annual household income from fruit harvested varied from 500 to 2600 thousand Rials. The fruit collection creates employment for 11 person’s day per year. We conclude that income of fruit collection is not much and we can increase it by much processing and market expansion.

As a high resolution, nondestructive and rapid geophysical tool, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) provides the best method that can be used for locating superficial targets. A gallery of the aqueduct is well locatable by the GPR method due to distinct permittivity contrast between the target and the surrounding media. In this research work, as a 2D study, the GPR data acquisition was carried out using 250 MHz shielded antenna in Mashkan area near Kashan city. The target is not well visible in any processed radargram obtained from data acquisition. This paper aims at achieving the best processed section that is strongly similar to real conditions of the subsurface. In this circumstance, the proficiency of suitable processing algorithm will be very useful. To evaluate the ability of GPR, in addition to the suitable processing and appropriate interpretation of actual data, a model that is required based on the conditions of the subterranean features is designed and implemented. What is more prominent in this paper than that in previous similar studies carried out in Iran is the manipulation of modeling in GPR method and comparison of the results with the interpretation of actual data. In modeling, we generally tried to make the best simulation of wave reflection received from the underground layers obtained through the propagation of electromagnetic waves according to the targets and anomalies. Therefore the purpose of this article, according to the properties of the mentioned aqueduct, is to apply forward modeling and designing of model based on the expected conditions of the study at first. Then we want to investigate responses of electromagnetic waves when the processed section has been made by appropriate processing parameters. In this paper, modeling has been done based on a finite difference method. We can simulate complex consequential answers from complicated cases inasmuch as it has benefits such as flexibility, ability to simulate and model complex environments. Further, this method has acceptable responses as seen in cases when compared to other numerical methods, and it is more practical. The finite difference time domain (FDTD) method can model with high accuracy, when the properties of the underground layers are concerned. The final congenial model is acquired based on the characters of the layers, several parts and boundaries of this case study. The mentioned areas have been divided into cube-shaped sections named orthogonal grid cells. For each cell, the intensity of the electric and magnetic fields are considered according to the vertical and horizontal components of the invariable electromagnetic fields on the basis of the measured values of physical properties and the soil type. The resulting radargram is achieved through processing parameters such as Dewow filter, Spreading and Exponential Compensating (SEC), band-pass filtering and background removal. The soil of the study area contains sand, gravel and silt with an average electrical resistivity of about 200 Ωm. The analysis of traveling velocity of the electromagnetic wave is implemented using average electrical permittivity according to components of the soil. Our results show a close agreement between the model and the processed radargram, which consequently implies that the proposed processing procedure indeed provides reasonable results.

Monopolar surgery is applied mostly in major operations, while bipolar is used in delicate ones. Attention must be paid in electrosurgery application to avoid electrical burns.

We aimed to assess factors associated with electrosurgery burns in cardiac surgery operating rooms.

This was a case-control study in which two groups of 150 patients undergoing cardiac surgery in Imam Khomeini Hospital were recruited. Several factors like gender, age, operation duration, smoking, diseases, infection, atopia, , immunosuppressive drugs use, hepatic cirrhosis, and pulmonary diseases were compared between the two groups. Patients were observed for 24 hours for development of any burn related to the operation. Data was analyzed using SPSS v.11.5, by Chi square and T-test.

Patients in the two groups were similar except for two factors. DM and pulmonary diseases which showed significant differences (P = 0.005 and P = 0.002 respectively). Seventy-five patients from controls and 35 from the study group developed burns, which was significant (P ˂ 0.0001).

None of the factors were significantly related to developing burns. The differences between the two groups highlights the importance of systems modifications to lessen the incidence of burns.

Creating new routes for underground cables or intubation, keeping the subsurface utilities and protecting them during the excavation and building requires a thorough knowledge of the exact location of subsurface utilities. Overall good results in GPR closely depends on some factors such as soil type, anomaly properties, survey design and proper selection of antenna. Finally, applying the appropriate processing parameters in accordance with the conditions, soil type and anomaly properties will be out of control and therefore, two other factors i.e. survey design and application of advanced processing parameters will be more important. In survey design, the selection of survey methods such as CMP, 1D or 2D and the appropriate antenna are the main factors influencing the necessary resolution. GPR processing must be performed according to the specific conditions of each study. Since applying appropriate processing parameters can be useful, improper handling can be misleading. In order to locate buried water pipes and telecommunication cables, a GPR survey was applied to Niayesh Tunnel in Tehran. In primary sections, the pipes were not visible appropriately. The most important factor in hardware methods is choosing the correct antenna according to the site conditions and the studied depth. Appropriate processing methods are used in GPR sections as software in order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio for locating the target. According to this issue, we used central frequency shielded antennas (500 MHz, 250 MHz and 100 MHz). Then an advanced processing algorithm including several filters and recorrection parameters was applied. The velocity analysis was done according to the diffraction hyperbola method. In this study, it was attempted to determine the type of the buried anomalies and utilities. However, more research is needed to determine the pipe type of the buried utilities in a GPR survey. Finally, the results of the processing and interpretation of radar data were compared to the real conditions of underground properties. This research will be useful for future GPR work in similar civil excavation projects.