salman ahmady asbchin

In the last two decades, environmental pollution by heavy metals has increased, and the accumulation of these pollutants in aquatic ecosystems has brought many risks to the health of humans, animals, plants, and the environment. Cadmium and nickel can be mentioned as metals that have very toxic and carcinogenic properties. In this research, the isolation of bacteria from the steel industry factory in Sari, the effluent of the sausage factory in Golestan province, and the Lavij hot spring in Mazandaran, which have the ability to uptake heavy metals cadmium and nickel, were investigated. In the following, the optimization process of biological adsorption (the effect of parameters such as: temperature, concentration of metals, dosage of bacteria, pH...) was investigated. Based on the above results, the best isolate was used to remove these metals. Biochemical, morphological, and molecular findings have shown the closeness of the selected isolate to the genus Bacillus. According to the minimum inhibitory concentration test of the selected Bacillus bacteria, this isolate was resistant to a concentration of 1500 ppm of cadmium and 2200 ppm of nickel. The optimum pH for the removal of cadmium and nickel metals by the selected bacteria was 6.5 and 5.5, respectively, and the adsorption efficiency of cadmium and nickel metals was 0.72 and 0.63 mmol/g, respectively. The temperature for the removal of cadmium and nickel by Bacillus bacteria was about 45 degrees Celsius. The adsorption isotherm for both metals is similar to the Langmuir isotherm, which shows that the surface adsorption process is single-layer, and its kinetics is according to the second-order kinetic model, and the optimal amount of Bacillus bacteria biomass is about 1.5 g/liter. The selected isolate has suitable characteristics for use in real and industrial scale containing the mentioned metals.

Thymus vulgaris and silver Nanoparticles has been demonstrated. Each of these agents for maximum impact requires a high concentration of substances affecting microorganisms. Assuming an anti-microbial agent with low concentration and in combination with other anti-microbial agents as the initial impact or more, A study to evaluate the effect of ethanol extract of propolis interference, Thymus vulgaris essential oil and silver nanoparticles on gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes) and Gram-negative bacteria (Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and on Candida albicans was performed. Microbial used in this study are taken from Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology. Propolis is collected from different area of west Azerbaijan beehives. The ethanolic extract of propolis have prepared after 3 days. The interfering effects of these agents are evaluated by Micro-broth dilution method on Muller Hinton Broth in the presence of gentamicin as positive control for bacteria and Nistatin against Candida albicans. Acquired Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) show the effective interfering of these agents. The results of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of propolis extract with silver nano particle on Klebsiella pneumonia was 25 µgr/ml, on Streptococcus pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans was 50µgr/ml and on Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Proteus mirabilis was 100 micrograms per milliliter. MIC of Thymus essential oil with silver nanoparticles on Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 50µgr/ml, on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia and Candida albicans was 100 µgr/ml and on Listeria monocytogenes and proteus mirabilis was 200 micrograms per milliliter.

Recently, the synthesis of metal nanocrystallites using plant extracts has received much attention due to its low cost and compatibility with the environment. In this research, copper nanocrystallites were synthesized using hawthorn extract. The formation of copper nanocrystallites was observed by changing the color of the solution. Synthesized copper nanocrystallites were investigated by techniques such as: Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD). In the UV-Vis spectrum, a dominant absorption peak at 552 nm wavelength was observed, which was related to copper nanocrystallites. In the images taken from SEM, it was found that the nanocrystallites are nearly spherical in shape and their average size on the surface of the sample was about 61-85 nm.  Parallerly, in the investigation of antibacterial properties, synthesized nanocrystallites showed better antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) respect to other bacteria in the present work. The obtained results show that hawthorn extract can be used for the synthesis of copper nanocrystallites.

Lipases are particularly important because they specifically hydrolyze acyl glycerol, oils, which are of great interest for different industrial applications. Some halophilic microorganisms produced some lipases. Halophilic bacteria have greater ability to produce salt and thermo tolerant enzymes like amylases, proteases and lipases. Most industrial enzymatic functions may be stopped by concentrated salt solutions and high temperatures; therefore, halophilic enzymes that have optimal activity at a vast range of temperature, pH and ionic strength, would be considered as suitable biocatalysts in industrial processes. The aim of this study was to isolate and study the halophilic lipase producing bacteria from the Miankaleh Wetland. The lipase activity was measured using titrimetric methods. Three halophilic strains (AR11, AR18 and AR28) were isolated from the Miankaleh wetland and were screened for the production of hydrolytic enzymes and lipolytic activity. Among three isolates, one strain was selected for identification using the molecular methods and some morphological characteristics. The bacterium Halobacillus truperi AR11 with 1.82 ± 0.1 U/mL lipase activity was selected as the highest lipase producing isolate. Lipase enzyme produced by this potential isolate was also characterized for determining its optimal activity. Effect of different pH, NaCl concentration and temperature on lipase activity was determined. The optimum pH for AR11 was found to be 9, while the optimum temperature and NaCl concentration for lipase activity was found to be 45ºC and 5 % NaCl, respectively. This is the first report of isolation and molecular identification of lipase producing halophilic bacteria from the Miankaleh wetland.

The synthetic dyes pollution has turned out to be one of the most important environmental problems. Approximately 10000 different dyes and pigments are used industrially and over 0.7 million tons of synthetic dyes are produced annually, worldwide. Synthetic dyes are extensively in the textile dyeing, leather tanning, paper, food and medicine industries. The majority of these dyes are either toxic to flora and fauna or mutagenic and carcinogenic. The disposal of these wastes into receiving waters cause damage to the environment. Therefore, removing them from environment is imperative various methods for physical and chemical decolorization of dyes in wastewater but these methods are rather costly and sometimes product hazardous by-products. In recent years, biodegradation approach of its cost-effectiveness and safe method. In this method, microorganisms, particularly bacteria are used for removing dyes. The goal of microbial treatment is to decolorize and detoxify the dye-contaminated effluents.

In this study, bacillus albus bacteria were isolated Mazandaran industrial wastewater used as an example of gram-positive bacteria. Decolorization by these bacteria was investigated by a system which contained both medium and dye. The effects of operational parameters of indigo carmine including time, initial dye concentration, temperature, pH, shaking/non shaking, aerobic/anaerobic were tested. Ethics code: IR.UMZ.REC.1397.106

The results demonstrated that over a period of 54 h, at 50° C, 100 mg/l of concentration and pH=10, maximum decolorization of 95 percent was performed.

The present study confirms high effectiveness of bacillus strains in dye removal. The main experiment was focused on decolorization of indigo carmine in aeration conditions.

The role of immune system in natural course of viral hepatitis has been drawn some attention. One of the main diagnostic markers of the immune system function in different diseases might be the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ T lymphocytes (CD4+/CD8+ ratio).

This research aimed to measure and compare CD4+/CD8+ ratio in the patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and control group.

In this cross-sectional study, thirty-three CHB patients and thirty age and sex-matched healthy controls were included. Immunophenotyping of isolated T cells was performed using specific anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 antibodies by flow cytometry. Consequently, CD4+, CD8+ and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+were counted and compared between the two groups.

CD4+ counts (%) were considerably reduced in patients with CHB compared to the healthy controls (51.22 ± 10.5 vs. 63.14 ± 9.9, P = 0.00), whereas CD8+ counts (%) were higher in the patients with CHB than healthy controls (48.8 ± 10.5 vs. 36.85 ± 9.86, P = 0.00). Moreover, CD4+/CD8+ ratio remarkably decreased in the patients with CHB (1.15 ± 0.5) than healthy controls (1.93 ± 0.9) (P = 0.00). Area under curve (AUC) of 0.79 (SE = 0.06, CI = 0.68 - 0.90, P value = 0.05) was reported for CD4+/CD8+ ratio with a sensitivity of 72.73% and specificity of 73.33% in 1.35 cut-off (likelihood ratio = 2.72).

The research indicated an impaired balance between T cell subsets associated with a higher proportion of CD8+ T cells and a lower proportion of CD4+ T cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in patients with CHB.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lavender and rosemary essential oil has antibacterial. Essential oil sample after drying in the shade, to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus were isolated. The antibacterial effects of Han dilution preparation were evaluated by disc diffusion method. In order to standardize the method of antibiotic disks and ATCC bacteria were used. Results showed that the interactions between plants and diluted in a dilution of 1, 2/1 and 4/1 deterrent effect of lavender plants on five different bacteria than the rosemary plant more meaningful. As the diameter of growth inhibition compared the interactions between bacteria and dilution of the plant showed the highest inhibitory effect on oil dilution 1 is P.mirabilis Comparison of the effects of essential oils of lavender and rosemary together on five different bacteria showed that dilution of 1, 2/1 and 4/1 lavender oil P.mirabilis maximum inhibitory effect on bacteria other than its deterrent effect Rosemary plant was the most significant. Determination of MIC and MBC of lavender and rosemary essential oils showed a bacteriostatic effect on bacteria than similar E.fecalis .The bactericidal effects on all bacteria, but bacteria S.epidermis essence is the same. Evaluation of disk diffusion method in comparison with antibiotic discs, the effect of the plant compared to gentamicin disk Streptomycin against five strains of five different bacteria showed. The results of this study and other studies show that the essence of medicinal plants can be used instead of chemical drugs to treat the infection.

Colored sewage discharge into rivers and lakes, resulting in decreased water quality and reduce the solubility of gases. highly toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic can be noted as the problems that dyes created for mammals and aquatic organisms. For the removal of dyes there are two physical and chemical methods. Due to the limitations of this methods we can take biodegradation method which is cheaper and more effective as an alternative for old methods. In biodegradation method, microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae and actioiomycetes are used. Due to the fact that these microorganisms are better and more compatible absorbent Using These microorganisms for decolonization is expanding day by day. In this study, the bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii was used for the biodegradation indegocarmin. After the bacteria resistant to indegocarmin color, the effect of time, initial dye concentration, pH and temperature effects were studied to determine the percentage degredation. The optimum conditions of temperature 55 ° C and pH was about 10, with the requirements of 100 mg /L Indigocarmin of color were analyzed in a period of 66 hours at the rate of 88/98 percent.

Biological uptake of heavy metals is a very effective process for removing these pollutants from aqueous solutions is considered.Algae cell wall composition of cellulose and other materials such as agar, alginate and the metal ions play a key role in biosorption. Algae are of particular importance due to their low cost. Mechanisms are involved in the uptake of metals by bacteria is very complex and depends on physicochemical reactions of metal ions in solution, and so are the locations of cellular uptake. Microorganisms and algae contribute to the cycle of inorganic substances in nature.In this study the biological uptake of nickel by red algae Gracilaria, brown algae Cystoseira, Fucus and Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus, was studied.Parameters such as metal concentrations, pH, amount of algae, kinetic, and isotherms were studied in this experiment. The maximum rates of metal uptake by algae Gracilaria, Cystoseira and Bacillus at pH=6 and Fucus on the pH is about 5. The maximum nickel sorption was attained about for Fucus, Gracilaria, Cystoseira, and Bacillus, 0.94, 0.68, 0.34 and 0.65 mg/L respectively. This study has shown nickel (II) uptakes, equilibrium time of about 400,350,300 and 120 minutes for, Gracilaria, Cystoseira, Fucus and Bacillus, respectively, and the adsorption equilibrium date was well described by Langmuir equation.

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remain as a leading causes of mortality among infectious diseases. The only current vaccine, bacillus Calmette-Gue´rin (BCG), displays highly variable efficiency for preventing tuberculosis. Thus, identification of protective antigens could be mentioned for designing new vaccines. Among different Mtb antigens, TB10.4 and Ag85B have been identified as immune stimulator antigens which induce strong cellular responses and increase production of IFN-γ. In this study, we aimed to clone the fusion form of these antigens into a eukaryotic vector (pcDNA3). After extraction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv genome, the selected genes were amplified by specific primers with PCR method. The gene segments were fused and cloned into eukaryotic pcDNA3 vector. Recombinant plasmid was transformed into E.coli DH5α and after purification was confirmed with restriction enzyme analysis and sequencing. The results of sequencing and digestion demonstrated that TB10.4 & Ag85B genes were successfully fused and cloned into pcDNA3 vector The recombinant plasmid was successfully constructed. In the future studies, the immunogenicity of this cassette could be assessed as a DNA vaccine.

The heavy metal pollution has become one of the most important environmental problems. Heavy metals are the most important environmental pollutants، especially for human health and aquatic systems are a serious threat. Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology of yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis PTCC 5051، and received as a lyophilized culture YEDPA environment and then the proliferation of malt extract broth is used. The effects of pH، temperature، kinetics and isotherm of lead on metal uptake were evaluated by the SC. Absorption maximum at about pH 5; the optimum temperature was 25 degrees Celsius. A kinetic study showed that batch biosorption of lead to rapid removal by the biomass of Saccharomyces was the first test was done in less than 30 minutes. Method using FT-IR، surface functional groups of fungi were identified. With active and passive absorption of lead by Saccharomyces has revealed more attracted by the yeast is active. With yeast and control yeast on the autoclave، the pre-treated with sodium azide and 2 and 4 DNP nitro phenol showed that claims of capturing، respectively، 0/68، 0/12، 0/44 and 0/48 mmol g was obtained. Results showed that، even using the passive yeast are suitable for the absorption of lead.

Biosurfactants are amphiphilic biological compounds produced extracellularly or as part of the cell membranes by a variety of microorganisms. Because of their use in various industries، they are of a particular importance. The aim of this study was to identify a strain of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas aeruginosa biosurfactant producers. In this study، different samples of oil، water and soil contaminated with oil were prepared. Hemolytic activity، emulsification activity and measurement of surface tension were used and selected strains were identified by biochemical tests. The nature and effect of antibacterial biosurfactant was evaluated for strain selection. In this study، eighty eight bacterial strains were isolated. Twenty four strains were isolated from the isolated strains with hemolytic activity. Among which، 14 strains have emulsification activity more than 70% and at last four strains reached surface tension to be less than 40 mN/m. Selected strain based on biochemical tests was recognized as a Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The nature of biosurfactant was determined by TLC، and proved to be of glycolipid kind. Therefore، the produced biosurfactant of the selected strain had antibacterial activity against six bacterial infectious. Sensitive bacteria to the effects of biosurfactant extract of Pseudomonas aeruginosa83، was Staphylococcus aureus and the most resistant bacteria to these extract، was the Proteus mirabilis. The results of MIC، MBC showed that MIC of the extract in concentration of 63 and 125 mg/ml on Escherichia coli، Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Also، the MBC were extract in concentration of 63 and 125mg/ml on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Discussion and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had high potential in reducing the surface tension and biosurfactant extracted had high antibacterial effects. Therefore، it could be said that this bacterium had a great potential for applications of biotechnology and the environment.

The heavy metal pollution has turned out to be one of the most important environmental problems. Due to their high stability in the presence of large amounts of wastewater factory، water treatment is necessary. In this study، Pseudomonas bacteria were isolated Ilam Town industrial waste water used as an example of Gram-negative bacteria. And Bacillus was isolated from desert dust Maranjab Kashan، as representative of Gram-positive bacteria Then، they were investigated in the biological uptake of nickel from aqueous solution in batch reactors. In this research، factors such as the rate of absorption of nickel، the effect of pH solution، metal reproducibility، metal uptake by Pseudomonas and Bacillus، were studied. Adsorption equilibrium time was approximately 10 minutes by Bacillus and the maximum metal uptake by the bacteria was 0. 71 mmol/g dry weight of cells. Discussion and Nickel uptake by Pseudomonas was about 0. 12 mmol/g dry weight cell mass and the equilibrium time was about 5 minutes. Best nickel release factors were Bacillus and Pseudomonas، respectively، of EDTA and nitric acid. The results showed that gram-positive bacterium Bacillus was a better choice for the removal of nickel from contaminated solutions.

Clinical signs, para-clinical tests and gross lesion can be used for identification of parasite contamination. In most parasite contamination the clinical signs are not obvious. Thus, para-clinical tests and gross lesion play important roles in identifying parasite disease as all organs of animals such as skin, eyes, kidneys, liver and digestive tube can be affected by the parasites. Consequently, there is a possibility to use the feces of animals in order to observe parasite ovum and larva to identify the disease.This research was conducted from May to September 2011, and the number of 250 faecal samples of pigeon from mixed companion birds keeping in the cages. Faecal samples were examined by direct smear method whereas egg per gram (EPG) was counted by modified McMaster technique and centrifugal flotation method using Sheather’s saturated sugar solution. In this study, Raillietina spp, Tetramers, Sygnamus, Capillaria, Ascaridia colombae and oocyst protozoa, Phthiraptera, Ceratophyllus columbae contamination were studied and the frequency were found to be 24%, 8%, 9%, 14%, 4%, 7%, 8% and 6% respectively. The result of this study and the finding from other studies indicates that pigeons could be less susceptible to mixed infections as compared to chickens.