samad hosseini

The undeniable success of neuroscience in explaining human mental states, which in the past were explained in terms of supernatural concepts, has led many modern-day scientists and philosophers to advocate physicalist methods in explaining human nature. According to this view, science, by recognizing the physiological structures of man, especially the brain and its functions, will finally be able to explain human nature with all its features through mere physical concepts. The most important challenge to this view has always been the question of consciousness, or in its traditional sense, how the mind and body relate. However, contemporary scientists try to explain the phenomenon of consciousness through the physical sciences by presenting new scientific theories and concepts about the mechanisms of the brain and its relation to mental states. The purpose of this article is to show that phenomenal awareness is the most important challenge to the theory of materialism. Examining the concept of consciousness and dividing it into two parts, "perceptual consciousness" and "phenomenal consciousness", we have argued that scientific theories at best provide only an explanation of perceptual consciousness, while challenging The main science of the natural sciences is the explanation of phenomenal consciousness. But phenomenal consciousness is beyond the reach of the physical sciences because of the inherent nature of mentality, unless it recognizes first-person perspective science.

Scorpions are creatures under attention from the past due to their poisonous sting and various imaginations established true or false beliefs about these arthropods so this study has been carried out to clarify these theories, imaginations and Iranian religious views.
this review was prepared based on keywords like scorpion, cure of their bites, their role on beliefs and reciprocal action of human- scorpion. Through 70 titles, it has been analyzed 42 of them which were present in databases like SID, Ovid Medline, Pub Med, Web of Science and published books in this field.
In history of medicine and human culture scorpions are in center of attention more than any creature due to having painful and occasionally fatal poisonous sting. Sometimes they were under attention because they were known as symbol of strength and protection so that we find them ordinary in monuments remained from ancient geography of Iran.
It is found that scorpions play an important role in beliefs, reality and traditions of Iran for their painful and sometimes fatal sting. As a result this role sometimes is based on reality and sometimes has combined with delusions and is not true.

Background & Aims of the Study: Among the Iranians, scorpion is considered as one of the most important natural hazards and introduced as a dangerous animal. The outcome of this confrontation is to create stories and different beliefs about them .The primary aim of this study is to investigate and deliberate on the validity and fraudulence of these beliefs in how Iranian looked upon scorpions.
The study is a review of descriptive analysis. In other words, the study was conducted, considering the key terms such as: treatment of scorpion venom, motifs of humans and scorpions in internet and related websites; moreover, the study was carried on by professional journals, articles and researches as well as related published books in this filed. By considering the situation and its requirements, the references were chosen to be analyzed.
Owing to the fact that scorpions have poisonous, painful and sometimes mortal venoms, they have attracted more attention compared to other creatures in the history and culture of Iran. Such creatures are regarded as the symbol of power and sentry in several references as they can be found in the works and studies remained from ancients throughout Iran.
Due to the medical importance of scorpions and Iranian’s cultural beliefs, scorpion motifs has been regarded as a significant symbol of Iran’s history. Moreover, in creating the scorpion motifs about the dangers of this creature, beliefs, the realities and the analysis of customs have been playing the great roles.

There are many methods to produce ingot with non-dendritic microstructure. Cooling slope method has attracting more attentions because of its simplicity and high process speed. In this method molten metal is poured on tilted slope that is cooled by water circulation underneath. Due to shear stress exerted to the slurry by flowing on the slope, it is solidified with non-dendritic microstructure. By simulation of semi-solid casting with cooling slope, the effects of different pouring conditions on the microstructure of A356 aluminum alloy are investigated. The simulations are carried out by commercial FLOW3D software. The results of simulation tests are compared to experimental results. In the simulations, the time of slurry presence on the slope, solid fraction of the slurry, strain rate and turbulence were investigated. Comparing the results of simulations with experimental results showed that for having the favorable microstructure, with higher sphericity and lower grain size, the time of slurry flowing on the slope must be enough while the shear stress over 60s-1 and turbulence must be as high as possible.