فهرست مطالب samaneh shahsavani

There is a concern about exposure to bio-aerosols due to their harmful health effects. Bio-aerosols in surgery environment can potentially cause infection in susceptible and unsusceptible patients. The present study aimed to evaluate bacterial and fungal densities and species in surgery rooms in an educational hospital in Shiraz. A total of 168 samples were collected. Active sampling was done by using a single-stage Anderson sampler on plates including blood agar and sabouraud dextrose agar for 10 minutes for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The mean densities of fungi and bacteria were respectively 233.23±2.024 and 232.6±1.383 CFU/m3 before sterilization compared to 233.01±2.041 and 233.57±1.324 CFU/m3 after sterilization of the surgery rooms. No significant difference was observed between the densities of bacteria and fungi before and after sterilization in all surgery rooms (P>0.05). However, it was a significant difference between the total densities of bio-aerosols after sterilization compared to the suggested value. The density of bio-aerosols was greater than 30 CFU/m3 (P<0.01) in 100% of the cases, but did not exceed 500 CFU/m3 in any of the cases (P<0.01 in 71.42% of the cases). Moreover, Penicillium, Fusarium, Cladosporium, and Aspergillus were the most common fungi and gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, were the most dominant types of bacteria in surgery rooms. Quantitative and qualitative findings of this study revealed high densities of bacteria and fungi in surgery rooms. Thus, effective strategies have to be proposed to control bio-aerosols and their related health effects.

Exposure to environmental pollutants which have entered the atmosphere due to human and industrial activities results in harmful and unwanted effects on human health. The undesired effects of air pollution on mental disorders, mortality, and psychological disorders have been proven. Depression is a common mental health problem in today’s societies which impacts the quality of life. The objective of this study was to determine the relation between exposure to air pollution and frequency of depression in Shiraz (Southern Iran).
Archived documents of 2658 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) from a psychiatric university hospital were reviewed. The concentrations of five air pollutants including CO, NOX, O3, PM10, and NO2 were determined daily in two air quality monitory stations in downtown Shiraz (Imam Hossein Square) and Kazeroon Gate. The data relevant to these five pollutants were gathered every day for 83 months, from 2010 to 2017, and for more precision, the mean values were used. The relationship between the concentration of each pollutant in the air and the number of patients referring to hospital was determined using the Spearman’s correlation coefficient.
There was a direct and significant relationship between all pollutants and the number of hospital admissions in each month (P<0.05) except for CO which did not show a significant relationship with hospital admission due to depression (P>0.05).
The results of this study indicated a positive relationship between air pollution and depression. Of course, to prove this relationship, it is essential to conduct a number of studies with appropriate methodology and design.

The textile industry produces a large amount of polluted effluents discharged into the environment. Therefore, this research was carried out to compare the efficiency of removal of Reactive red 198 (RR–198) dye by fenton and photo– fenton processes and determine the optimal conditions for maximum removal. This study was conducted on a laboratory scale. The effect of influential parameters, including pH (3–9), Fe(II) concentration (10–200mg/L), H2O2 concentration (25–150mg/L), dye concentration (50–200mg/L) and reaction time (15–90min.) on dye removal was investigated and the optimal conditions were determined according to the maximum dye removal efficiency. The results indicated that the dye removal rate increased as the pH and Fe(II) concentration decreased. The optimal conditions for RR–198 removals from the aqueous solution are pH of 3, Fe (II) concentration of 10mg/L, H2O2 concentration of 50mg/L, the initial dye concentration of 50mg/L, and the reaction time of 15min.. The maximum dye removal efficiency under optimal conditions was 98.82%. The results of this study revealed that the photo–fenton process was superior to the removal of dye compared to fenton process.

Direct Red 81, a dye widely used in textile industries, is frequently detected dye in water resources. High costs, the formation of hazardous byproducts, and high energy costs restrict the use of some removal methods. Therefore, the main objectives of this research are the feasibility of using soil containing iron as a low cost adsorbent to remove (Direct Red 81) from aqueous phase and determining the optimum conditions for maximum removal efficiency. The present study was conducted at a bench scale. The influence of different parameters including the number of adsorbents; initial concentration of dye solution and pH at different time intervals on dye removal efficiency were investigated.  The maximum removal rate of dye (84%) occurred in pH=7 in the presence of 1 g soil with the initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L at 30 min reaction time. Moreover, due to the effect of acidic pH and the iron content of used soil a significant increase was observed in the rate of Direct Red 81dye removal. In conclusion, using soil containing iron is an appropriate method for the removal of Direct Red 81 from aqueous solutions.

Textile dyes are the largest organic compounds associated with some problems for the environment. Advanced oxidation process is the most effective method for dye removal from wastewater.
The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of the photo Fenton process for decolorization of direct red 81 (DR 81) dye, and to determine the optimal process conditions.
This is a cross-sectional study conducted on a laboratory scale. The effective parameters in the photo Fenton process include pH, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate concentration, hydrogen peroxide concentration, initial dye concentration and reaction time. These parameters were studied, and finally analyzed using the Excel software.
According to the obtained results, maximum removal efficiency was 98.1% at pH = 3, concentration of Fe (II) was 10 mg/L, hydrogen peroxide concentration was 50 mg/L, initial concentration of dye was 100 mg/L, and reaction time was 120 minutes. Results showed that increasing the concentration of Fe (II), H2O2 and the initial concentration of dye to a certain extent resulted in increasing removal efficiency, then by increasing the concentrations of these parameters, removal efficiency decreased. Results also indicated that increasing a reaction time resulted in increasing removal efficiency.
The photo Fenton method with optimized parameters can be used to conduct high efficiency dye removal in a short period of time and this process is based on hydroxyl radical formation.

Benzo(a)pyren is an indicator of carcinogenic PAHs and enters the body through the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. This compound causes lung, kidney, and skin, cancers. In this study, the concentrations of PM10 and 16 PAHs compounds were measured in the particle phase in an urban and a suburban area of Shiraz and the carcinogenic risk of respiratory exposure to PAHs were assessed.
A total of 60 samples were collected from Paramont and Sadra during spring 2015 using SKC sampling pump (for 24 h at a flow rate of 10 L/min). Dichloromethane/methanol mixture was used as a solvent. 16 PAHs were identificated using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry.
The mean (±SD) concentrations of PM10 were 62.73±23.83 and 60.88±31.03 μg/m3 in the urban (Paramont) and suburban (Sadra) stations, respectively, which exceeded the PM10 emission limit value of the Europe Commission (50 μg/m3). Also, the mean concentrations (±SD) of the total PM10-bound PAHs were 19.28±7.48 ng/m3 and 17.80±9.17 ng/m3 in Paramont and Sadra stations, respectively. Besides, the BaPeq was 1.307 in Paramont and 0.814 in Sadra station. Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) values for children below 10 years of age demonstrated the risk of cancer for this age group in both areas.
this study presented the value of PM10 and PAHs concentration in two sampling sites. The PM10 values were higher than Europe Commission and the PAHs concentrations could increase the potential risk of cancer among the children below 10 years old in both sampling areas.

High levels of nitrate anion are frequently detected in many groundwater resources in Fars province. The present study aimed to determine the removal efficiency of nitrate from aqueous solutions by electrocoagulation process using aluminum and iron electrodes. A laboratory-scale batch reactor was conducted to determine nitrate removal efficiency using the electrocoagulation method. The removal of nitrate was determined at pH levels of 3, 7, and 11, different voltages (15, 20, and 30 V), and operation times of 30, 60, and 75 min, respectively. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 16 (Chicago, Illinois, USA) and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between the parameters. Results of the present study showed that the removal efficiency was increased from 27% to 86% as pH increased from 3 to 11 at the optimal condition of 30 V and 75 min operation time. Moreover, by increasing the reaction time from 30 V to 75 min the removal efficiency was increased from 63% to 86%, respectively (30 V and pH = 11). Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between removal efficiency and voltage and reaction time as well (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the electrocoagulation process can be used for removing nitrate from water resources because of high efficiency, simplicity, and relatively low cost.

Nitrate is largely dissolved in the surface and ground water, due to its high solubility. Continual uptake of nitrite through drinking water can lead to problems and diseases (such as blue baby) for humans, especially children.. The aim of this study was to develop a new and inexpensive method for the removal of nitrate from water. In this regard, the possibility of using chaff for removal of nitrate from aqueous solutions was studied and the optimum operating conditions of nitrate removal was determined.. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in laboratory scale. The UV spectrophotometer at a wavelength of maximum absorbance (220 nm) was used to determine the nitrate concentration. The effect of pH, amount of chaff, temperature, and contact time were investigated.. The result of this study revealed that chaff as an absorbent could remove nitrate from solutions, and the efficiency of adsorption increased as contact time increased from 5 to 30 minutes, amount of chaff increased from 1 to 3 g, temperature increased in a range of 300 - 400°C and the amount of pH decreased from 10 to 3. The maximum adsorption rate was around pH 3 (53.14%).. It was shown that the removal efficiency of nitrate was directly proportional to the amount of chaff, temperature, and contact time but inversely to the pH. This study showed that nitrate removal by chaff is a promising technique..

Recently, there has been a great concern about the consumption of dyes because of their toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and persistence in the aquatic environment. Reactive dyes are widely used in textile industry. Advanced oxidation processes are one of the cost-effective methods for the removal of these dyes. The main aims of this study were determining the feasibility of using Fenton process in removing Reactive Red 198 (RR-198) dye from aqueous solution and determining the optimal conditions. This is a cross-sectional study conducted at a laboratory scale. A total of 69 samples were considered and the effect of pH, Fe (II) concentration, H2O2 concentration, initial dye concentration and reaction time were investigated. According to the results, a maximum removal efficiency of 92% was obtained at pH of 3 and the reaction time of 90 min; also, the concentration of Fe (II), H2O2, initial dye concentration were 100 mg/L, 50 mg/L, and 100 mg/L, respectively. The results revealed that by increasing the concentration of Fe (II), H2O2 and initial dye, the removal efficiency was increased. The results showed that Fenton process could be used as a cost-effective method for removing RR-198 dye from textile wastewater efficiently.

In recent years, the nitrate concentration in surface water and especially in groundwater was increased significantly in many parts of Iran.. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of using Granular Ferric Hydroxide (GFH) to remove nitrate from aqueous phase as well as to determine the removal efficiency at the optimal condition.. The present study was conducted on a bench scale experiment. The spectrophotometer DR5000 (wavelength 520 nm) was used to determine the nitrate concentration. The effect of influencing parameters including pH at 5 levels (3.8 - 7.8), initial nitrate concentration at 4 levels (50 - 150 mg/L) the amount of adsorbent dose (0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 g/50mL), the effects of interfering ions, such as sulfate ions at 4 levels (200 - 800 mg/L) and chloride ions at 4 levels (200 - 800 mg/L), and contact time at 3 levels (30 - 90 minutes) were studied.. Based on our data, pH of 4.8, adsorbent dose of 3.75 g and contact time of 90 minutes is optimal for nitrate removal. Furthermore, the nitrate reduction rate was increased rapidly by the addition of the adsorbent and decreased by nitrate addition. The nitrate reduction rate was increased by increasing the contact time. The percent of nitrate reduction was significantly enhanced by decreasing the pH (from 7.8 to 8.4) and then reached a plateau with a relative slow equilibration. Moreover, adsorption efficiency was significantly decreased in the presence of interfering ions, such as sulfate and chloride ions.. In conclusion, GFH can be used as a reliable and appropriate method with high efficiency for the reduction of nitrate in many polluted water resources..

Reactive dyes, anionic compounds with high water solubility, are widely used in textile industries.. The present study aimed to assess the feasibility of the photo-Fenton process in removing Reactive Red 198 dye from aqueous solutions and determine the optimal conditions for maximum removal.. This study was performed on a laboratory scale using a 4-liter photochemical reactor. The spectrophotometer DR5000 (wavelength 520 nm) was used to determine the dye concentration. The effect of the influencing parameters, including pH (3–9), Fe (II) concentration (10–200 mg/L), H2O2 concentration (25 - 150 mg/L), initial dye concentration (50–200 mg/L), and reaction time (15 - 120 minutes) were studied.. According to the results, the photo-Fenton (UV/ H2O2/Fe (II)) process significantly removed dye from the aqueous solution. The Reactive Red 198 dye removal efficiency from aqueous solutions was more than 99% at optimal conditions (pH = 3, Fe (II) = 10 mg/L, H2O2 = 75 mg/L, initial dye concentration = 50 mg/L, and reaction time = 120 minutes).. The present study demonstrated that the UV/ H2O2/Fe (II) process could be used as an efficient, reliable method for removing Reactive Red 198 dye from textile wastewater..

The intellectual capability and personalities of children, who form the future of a nation, develop in elementary school. The educational organizations help students get rightful education and guidance and to grow up happily.. The aim of this study is to evaluate the health status of elementary schools in the city of Kazeroon, Fars Province, Iran.. This research attempted to measure the physical environmental health conditions of 41 elementary schools in the educational district of Kazeroon. We used a questionnaire consisting of 88 questions prepared by Iranian Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education. Data were collected by interview with school administrators and health instructors and analyzed using SPSS, version 18 and Chi-square test.. According to the results obtained, 85% of the schools were equipped with fan or air condition. In addition, 17% of the schools had separate labs and the rest used school health room as a lab. The environmental health conditions in none of the school pantries complied with the article 13 of the law on food, beverage and cosmetics, in addition to lacking the basic principles of the physical school conditions.. Many elementary schools in Kazeroon have urgent needs for restrooms, drinking water fountains, emergency exit ways, and maintenance of old buildings. The problem mostly arises from the lack of information of the school’s administrators and health instructors with the standard requirements for school environmental health quality. Therefore, it is highly recommended to upgrade the physical and school environmental health conditions, and increase awareness and update the knowledge of the education authorities about the school environmental health condition. A close cooperation between the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education is recommended to solve the health problems in the schools in order to prevent diseases and injuries to the health of the students..