فهرست مطالب sanaz younespour

The mechanism of intra-industry trade defines technology transfer through sectors that produce and export products that lead to easier absorption of foreign technologies. Therefore, compared to inter-industry trade, intra-industry trade may encourage the use of environmentally friendly technology to a greater extent. The purpose of this paper has been to evaluate the effect of intra-industry trade on environmental quality for Iran and selected countries including France, Japan, South Korea, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Russia, Australia, Germany, Denmark, China, Turkey, UAE and Pakistan during the period of 2001-2020. The model was estimated by the generalized least squares (GLS) method based on the panel data approach. In this respect, the variables of carbon dioxide and methane emissions, as the indicators of environmental quality were used through the development of the environmental econometric model. The empirical results showed that the intra-industry trade variable (proxied by Grobel-Lloyd index) was statistically significant at 10% significance level and had a negative sign. This means that the expansion of intra-industry trade, in which the level of competition and the quality of goods and services are improved, plays an important role in reducing environmental pollution as a result of increasing the quality of the environment in Iran and the trading partners. However, Iran's trade relations with the trading partners in the form of intra-industry trade do not include a high share, which implies the country's traditional and inter-industry trade relations with its partners. This can be caused by the production of raw materials and the export of these goods and Iran's low-ranking technology with the selected partners. Such trade relations may cause destructive effect the environment.

Intra-industry trade (IIT) in final goods, which depends on transport costs, seasonal trade and even product diversification, is often subject to lower pressures from commercial, political and control levels due to competition in industry for higher quality and higher value added, which is a controlling factor for the environment. The purpose of this article is to determine the type of cross-trade between Iran and selected trading partners and to identify its environmental impact. For this purpose, the different types of Iran’s IIT with its selected trading partners were calculated based on the Globel-Lloyd (GL), Fontan, Friedenberg and Peridy (FFP) and the Azhar and Eliot (AE) indexes over the period (2001-2015). Emprical Results show that a significant share of intra-industry trade between Iran and selected countries (including neighbours, countries from East Asia and Europe) relies on vertical intra-industry trade, indicating that there is little competitive pressure on Iranian tradable goods. According to Azhar and Eliot's index, the major share of intra-industry trade is made from low quality goods. Hence, choosing such a trade strategy has not led to improvement of Iran's environmental quality. The implication of the empirical findings figures out the policy of IIT flows expansion in order to preserve the quality of the country’s environment.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) and increased trade volume have been known as resources for capital accumulation and economic growth in developing countries. FDI and trade are also associated with  technology transfer, linkages with international markets, and transfer of management skills. However, increasing economic growth requires higher energy consumption, which leads to environmental degradation in these countries. This study probes the effect of foreign direct investment and trade openness on Carbon dioxide emissions (as an indicator of environmental quality) and clean energies in the selected developing countries using a panel-ARDL approach during 1971-2014. The findings of this study reveal that despite the positive and significant effects of direct foreign investment on economic growth and the use of clean energy, they have no significant effect on the environmental degradation in these countries. The results also show that trade openness has a positive and significant correlation with carbon dioxide emissions, while this variable has a negative and significant effect on clean energy consumption. Finally, the results of the study indicate that the speed of adjustment towards long-term equilibrium in this model is relatively slow.

The aim of this paper has been to evaluate the effect of trade openness on the Iran’s environmental quality arising from its trade relations with the selected countries in East Asia, Middle East and OECD over the period 1991-2007. The study emphasizes on the scale, composition and technique effects as a result of the relationship between trade and environment. For the environmental quality, the CO2 data has been used alternatively. This article thus examines such relationship by estimating a panel regression CO2 emission model. The empirical results indicate a positive effect of increasing GPD on pollution of the countries in the first and second blocks. Additionally, the empirical results have shown that Iran could not benefit from its trade incomes with the OECD countries and in the Middle East. Also, due to the estimated positive coefficient of the capital-labor ration in the OECD block, the Iran's comparative advantage has been in dirty products.