sara beiranvand

Teenage marriage is an important and key determinant of high school dropout of girls. This article using quantitative and qualitative data, explores the drivers and reasons for girls drop out of school, with an emphasis on the role of early marriage. In the quantitative section, the secondary analysis of the micro-census data for 2016 and in the qualitative part, in-depth interview and ethnographic approach in Shahnabad region of Lorestan province have been used. The results showed that the prevalence of school dropout among 15-17-year-old girls in rural areas is about three times that of urban areas. A large part of rural-urban differences in girls drop out of school is due to the higher prevalence of teenage marriage in rural areas. Logistic regression analysis showed that married girls are more likely to drop out of school than never-married girls. The results of the qualitative data also showed several factors such as family factors (escape from a disordered family, parents' addiction, parents' lack of attention to girls' education and parents' authority and strictness), economic (poverty and deprivation), social (fear of remaining single, peer influence and gender inequality) and cultural (preserving reputation, escape from social pressures and lack of access to educational centers) are important drivers of teenage marriage and school dropout of rural girls.

Midwives must have sufficient self-efficacy in addition to knowledge and skills to effectively provide reproductive health services. Self-efficacy is an important factor for successful performance. Strengthening self-efficacy of employees requires identifying its determinants or predictive factors. One of these factors is ethical climate. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between ethical climate and self-efficacy of midwives working in maternity hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran.

The present study was a descriptive study that was conducted on 192 midwives working in maternity hospitals in Ahvaz city in 2019 using convenience sampling. In order to collect data, Scherer's self-efficacy and Victor's and Cullen's ethical climate questionnaires were used. SPSS version 22 and Pearson and regression tests were used to analyze the data.

The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient test showed that there is a significant correlation between the total score of self-efficacy and all dimensions of ethical climate (p<0.05). However, no significant relationship was seen between the total self-efficacy score and total ethical climate score (p=0.119, r=0.113).

The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the dimensions of self-efficacy and ethical climate. As a result, it is necessary to pay attention to the ethical climate of organizations. Also, the necessary measures and planning in order to improve the ethical climate of the hospital and finally increase the self-efficacy of personnel and service providers should be taken into account by policy makers and senior managers.

Capital markets are created with the goal of allocating and equipping resources, and one of the most important tasks of these markets is to provide liquidity. A minimum of liquidity is essential for the survival of the capital market.  Given that liquidity is considered a type of risk for financial assets and in recent decades has been considered by many economists, so the study of monetary and fiscal policy shocks and their effect on liquidity is important. It is a significant step in orienting the capital market. In this study, using the Structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model, the impact of monetary and financial instabilities on the liquidity of energy industry stocks has been investigated. The data used are 43 companies active in the energy industry on the stock exchange for 2008  to 2018. The results indicate that monetary and financial instability have a negative impact on the liquidity of energy-intensive industries.