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Elevated body iron stores have been suggested to be a risk factor for cardiovas-cular disease (CVD). We examined whether elevated plasma ferritin concentrations as indicator of iron stores, affect the oxidative stress markers in a reproductive age women population. One hundred sixty, 20-45-year-old women were randomly selected. We investigated body iron stores by measuring the concentrations of plasma ferritin. Furthermore, we assessed oxidative stress markers by measuring the concentrations of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of erythrocyte cytoprotective enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in a random sample of cardiovascular disease-free women in reproductive age. Subjects in the highest tertile of plasma ferritin presented the highest levels of plasma MDA (p<0.001) and CAT activity (p<0.05). Furthermore, these Subjects presented the lowest levels of CuZn-SOD activity (p<0.01). No significant associations were found between the tertile of plasma ferritin in GPX activ-ity. Plasma ferritin was significantly directly associated with plasma MDA levels and inversely associated with CuZn-SOD activity. Using multiple regression, Plasma ferritin levels was positively correlated with MDA levels and inversely correlated with CuZn-SOD activity. Our findings revealed an association between body iron stores and oxidative stress markers linked to atherosclerosis process. The results emphasize that iron overload would elevate the risk of coronary artery disease by promoting the lipid peroxidation.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the lipid peroxidation levels and activities of erythrocytecytoprotective enzymes can be affected by iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in menstruating women. In this case-control study, 43 women with IDA, 43 women with iron deficiency (ID) and 43 healthy controls were included. Lipid peroxidation levels were assessed by measuring the concentrations of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) (as byproduct of lipid peroxidation). We also evaluated the activities of erythrocyte cytoprotective enzymes by measuring activities of copper zinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) in selected groups. Furthermore, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of plasma was assessed for each subject.Comparisons between continuous variables across groups were performed by the calculation of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Mean plasma concentration of MDA was significantly higher in IDA group than that in ID group (3.49 ± 0.84 vs. 2.76 ± 0.59,? mol/L, respectively, p < 0.01) and healthy group women (3.49 ± 0.84 vs. 2.94 ± 0.71? mol/L, respectively, p < 0.01). No significant difference was observed between ID and healthy groups in plasma MDA concentration (2.76 ± 0.59 vs. 2.94 ± 0.71, respectively). The mean erythrocyte CuZn-SOD activity in IDA group was significantly lower than that in healthy group women (674 ± 89 vs. 796 ± 82, respectively, p < 0.01). Furthermore, erythrocyte CAT activity was significantly lower in IDA group compared to both ID (162 ± 52 vs. 193 ± 72, respectively, p < 0.01) and healthy women groups (162 ± 52 vs. 234 ± 68, respectively, p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between study groups in erythrocyte GPX activity. In addition, plasma TAC levels were significantly lower in IDA and ID groups compared to healthy women group (1.97 ± 0.42 and 2.16 ± 0.64 vs. 3.76 ± 0.86, respectively, p < 0.01). Our findings showed that activities of erythrocyte cytoprotective enzymes decrease and lipid peroxidation increases in women with IDA. The consequence of the low activity of the cytoprotective enzymes in human is progressive tissue damage, which may eventually lead to atherosclerosis and other degenerative diseases.

The incidence of atherosclerosis increases with age, as do variousindices of free-radical-mediated damage, e.g. lipid peroxidation. Because Antioxidantenzymes are the major defense system of cells in normal aerobic reactions, we aimed toassess the age-related alterations in the activity of erythrocyte cytoprotective enzymesamong women. One hundred sixty 20-45-year-old women were randomly selected amongwomen receiving the services of rural health centers of Kerman Province, Iran. Data weregathered by using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. We assessed lipidperoxidation by measuring the concentrations of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), totalantioxidant capacity (TAC), and the activities of erythrocyte copper-zinc superoxidedismutase (CuZn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT). Those individuals in the highest quartiles of age and number of pregnanciespresented the highest levels of plasma MDA (P<0.001). We also observed an inverserelationship between age and erythrocyte CuZn-SOD and GPX activities. Although wefound no significant difference between age groups in respect of erythrocyte CAT activityand/or plasma TAC levels, erythrocyte GPX activity was negatively correlated with thenumber of pregnancies (P<0.001). No significant difference was found between agegroups and/or between quartiles of number of pregnancies for either energy or nutrientintake. Plasma MDA levels were positively related to age (r=0.307; P<0.0001), number ofpregnancies (r=0.250; P<0.001), fat intake (r=0.281; P<0.05) and Vitamin E intake(r=0.356; P<0.01). Furthermore, there were negative correlations both between age and GPX activity (r= -0.280; P<0.0001) as well as with CuZn-SOD(r= -0.228; P<0.005). Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants were affected by age. Erythrocyte cytoprotective enzymes have an important role in detoxification of free radicals in the body; the age-related decrease in the activities of these enzymes might contribute to atherogenesis, along with classic risk factors.

Lipid peroxidation is a free radical-generating process which occurs on every membranous structure of the cell. Free radicals are known to be involved in a number of human pathologies including atherosclerosis. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association between pre-hypertension status and oxidative stress markers [total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malonedialdehyde (MDA) levels] in a random sample of cardiovascular disease-free women. In this study, 160 women of 20-45 years of age were randomly selected. General information data were gathered from each sample using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Blood pressure (BP) was measured for each subject. Body weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences were measured and body mass index (BMI)and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were calculated for each subject. Venous blood samples were drawn from the subjects, and plasma was separated. In this study, the oxidative stress status was assessed by measuring the concentrations of plasma MDA and TAC levels Our results show that both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were inversely correlated with TAC (p<0.01) and positively correlated with MDA levels (p<0.01). Particularly, compared to the normotensive subjects, the pre-hypertensives had 19% lower TAC (p<0.05) and 22% higher MDA levels (p<0.01), after correcting for multiple comparisons and adjusting for age, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and other potential confounders. Our findings revealed an association between pre-hypertension and oxidative stress markers linked to atherosclerosis process. Thus, the identification of the underlying molecular mechanisms in pre-hypertension, which seem to include oxidative stress, may serve as an important lead for developing potentially new treatment modalities in this group of patients at risk for future cardiovascular complications.

It has been suggested that the risk of coronary heart disease increases with increase of body iron stores. Free iron catalyzes the generation of free radicals and free radicals promote the oxidation of lipids. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association of plasma iron and factors that could affect its levels (antioxidant enzymes), with the concentration of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of lipid peroxidation.In this study, 160 women aged 20-45 years were randomly selected. A medical history was obtained for each subject prior to enrolment. We assessed lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidant enzymes by measuring the concentration of plasma MDA and the activities of erythrocyte copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX).Our results show that those in the highest tertile of plasma iron were at least twice as likely to have higher plasma MDA levels. Among the factors affecting plasma iron levels, we found that the upper tertile of erythrocyte CuZn-SOD was inversely associated with higher plasma iron. No associations were found between the highest TIBC and MDA levels. There was no significant association between GPX and plasma iron.These findings support the concept that iron, as an important transition metal, might contribute to atherogenesis, along with the classic risk factors. A longitudinal study should confirm whether or not these MDA levels are connected to vascular disease and mortality.