sara nikseresht

Necroptosis, as a novel concept, has been recently introduced in scientific literature. Much of our knowledge about necroptosis comes from ligation of tumor necrosis factor-α to its receptor, TNF receptor 1. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1, receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 and its substrate, the pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein, have been comprehensively studied as influential components of this process. Emerging pioneering evidence suggests that many molecules, organelles and mechanisms are involved in necroptosis pathway. The aim of this review is presentation of molecular mechanisms of necroptosis in three phases including initiation, regulation and execution of necroptosis. Moreover, this review will summarize unprecedented insights into the contribution of various organelles and cell compartments such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, lysosomes and Golgi apparatus in necroptosis pathway.

Approximately 50% to 80% of women experience varying degrees of postpartum depression. Oxidative stress is involved in many diseases, including depression. Common production of lipid peroxidation by oxidative stress is malondialdehyde (MDA). The endocannabinoid system is a nervous regulator and convoy the impression that the circulatory levels of endocannabinoid is significantly reduced in depressed women. The major purpose of this paper was to evaluate activity of the major antioxidant and endocannabinoid index in postpartum depression. A total of 130 women were entered in a case-control study in 12 Bahman Health Center from April 2011 to August 2011. In 4th to 6th week after delivery, women were equally divided into 2 groups based on Edinburg questionnaire (normal and postpartum depressive women). Serum MDA, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and RBC catalase levels were determined to investigate the oxidative status. In addition, Mass spectrometry was applied for the analysis of serum anandamide (AEA) and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Based on Edinburg questionnaire, however, women age, husband age, husband marital number, gravidity, children number, salary and house size have no significant effect on postpartum depression, marital period was significantly increased postpartum depression (P< 0.05). In addition, women education, husband education, wanted or unwanted pregnancy from women, neonatal sex, satisfaction of neonatal sex from women and husbands, breast feeding and delivery have no significant effect on postpartum depression, and women Job (P< 0.001), husband job (P< 0.001), wanted or unwanted pregnancy from husbands (P< 0.05) were significantly changed postpartum depression. Serum MDA and RBC catalase levels were not significantly higher in depress compared with the normal group. TAC was significantly decreased in patients having postpartum depression (P< 0.05). Serum AEA and 2-AG levels were significantly lower in depress compared with the normal group (P< 0.01). Women’s Job, husband’s job, wanted or unwanted pregnancy from husbands and marital period are associated to postpartum depression. In postpartum depression, TAC, AEA and 2-AG are reduced. So it can be concluded that both antioxidant system and endocannabinoid concentration involved in the development of postpartum depression.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a major depressive disorder and one of the most common complications of childbearing. PPD has a serious impact on the quality of life of all family members. Oxidative stress is one of the contributing factors in pathophysiology of major depression. Thus، drugs with potential antioxidant action could be an attractive target for treatment of depressive disorders. Matricaria Chamomilla and Selenium are natural sources of antioxidant. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of oral administration of Matricaria Chamomilla aqueous extract and Selenium on experimental model of progesterone-induced postpartum depression and plasma oxidant-antioxidant system in mice. Seventy adult female mice in seven groups were used in this study. All animals received daily injections of progesterone 5 mg/kg intraperitoneally for five days after which progesterone was withdrawn for three days. After modelling postpartum depression with progesterone withdrawal، Matricaria Chamomilla 300 mg/kg and Selenium 0. 1 mg/kg and their combination were administered via gavage and imipramine 15 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally one hour before open field and forced swimming test (FST). In order to investigate the role of oxidant-antioxidant system، PAB and MDA were meatured. All the treatment groups and the standard group spent less immobility time than the control group (P<0. 05). Significant changes in the oxidative parameter (PAB and MDA) were not observed in all treatment groups and the standard group compared to the control group. Our study demonstrated the potential antidepressant activity of Matricaria chamomilla and Selenium in the experimental model of progesterone-induced postpartum depression in mice. These elements as supplement compounds could be alternatives for antidepressants in postpartum period. It seems that the antidepresent effects of this compounds do not induced by effects on oxidant-antioxidant system and may exert through any other pathway.

Postpartum depression (PPD) affects approximately half of new mothers. Chronic exposure to progesterone during pregnancy and its withdrawal following delivery increases depression and anxiety. In addition, there are complex interactions between hormones, neurotransmitters, and trace elements. Zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg) influence the nervous system by impacting synaptic neurotransmission in the brain. Thiamine (Vit B1) deficiency results in a high percentage of depressive behaviors. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species in pregnancy are implicated in the pathogenesis of major depression. We examined the effects of different combinations of Zn, Mg, and Vit B1 in an animal model of PPD. ZnCl, MgCl, and thiamine-HCl were administered to PPD-induced mice. Depression, anxiety-related behavior, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed. Depression and anxiety-like behavior were evaluated by the forced swimming test (FST) and elevated plus-maze, respectively. The acute combined administration of Zn, Mg, and Vit B1 significantly decreased immobility time in FST, increased the percentage of both time spent in- and entries to open arms in the elevated plus-maze, and augmented TAC. Our data suggest that acute administration of combined treatment with Zn, Mg, and Vit B1 on postpartum day 3 improves depressive symptoms and anxiety-like behaviors. Our evaluation of TAC is in accordance with behavioral results.

Postpartum depression is a mood disorder that has harmful effects on mothers, infants, family and relationships. Acute decrease of progesterone after delivery has been proposed as a cause for postpartum depression. This hormone can affect neurotransmitters’ function. Zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg) as trace elements exert their antidepressant effects through neurotransmitter pathways. On the other hand, thiamin deficiency leads to depression in animal models.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a major depressive disorder that most often emerges within 6 to 12 weeks of delivery, but can happen any time up to 1 year after birth. In developed countries, the incidence of postnatal depression about 10-15% in adult women depending upon the diagnostic criteria, timing of screening and screening instruments used. Mothers with depressive symptoms have been found to have more complex behavioral contacts with their children; this situation can damage family relationships, and even leads to infanticide. Various pathophysiologies are proposed for postpartum depression: Nutritional deficiencies, iron deficiency anemia, rapid decrease in the levels of reproductive hormones following delivery, alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adernocortical mechanism and alterations in neurotransmitter levels. Among pathophysiologies of postpartum depression, the role of trace elements is highlighted. The purpose of this review is to assess the role of trace elements including zinc, magnesium, iron and copper PPD. Zinc as a trace element has the second highest concentration of all transition metals in the brain, and its deficiency is associated with behavioral disturbances. Lower zinc blood concentration was found in women with postpartum depression. Another trace element, magnesium, also influences the nervous system via its actions on the release and metabolism of neurotransmitters. Various studies have focused on antidepressant-like effects of magnesium and its deficiency has been reported in depression. Depletion of magnesium stores during pregnancy is hypothesized to be the cause of postpartum depression. Iron deficiency is the most common single nutrient deficiency in the world. There is an association between anemia and depressive disorders. Copper has been recognized as an essential element for many years. Iron also plays a vital role in neurological disorders and its levels are relevant to postpartum depression. Involvement of trace elements can be seen in pathophysiologies of PPD in different ways. Therefore, trace element upplementation can be an alternative treatment for patients with PPD.