فهرست مطالب sayyed abolfazl razavi

By reflecting on the myths and pivotal moments in Iranian history, it becomes apparent that in the establishment of the power structure and the Legitimacy of the kings, consideration for the people and a commitment to justice for the welfare played a significant role, and the divine Farrah confirmed the principles of royal Farrah. As long as the king was on the side of the people and focused on their needs, he possessed the required nobility and authority. In this perspective, the establishment of the royal institution was the outcome of public action and consensus, and the power system had a traditional nature and a sacred significance. The support of the residents of Iranshahr for the fair and wise king contributed to the reduction of his power, while the tyranny and animosity of the people also played a significant role in his decline. Based on this premise, the present article takes a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the public Legitimacy of the government and the function of the royal institution in Iran. It reflects on this issue from the perspective of the historian Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī. According to the Iranian historiography of Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī, it appears that the historian, as one of the early Islamic historiographers, documented the events related to the interaction between society and the government, emphasizing the importance of rulers paying attention to the needs of the people. He explains the harmony of society and the government in a mythological manner, highlighting the position of the people and the secular-sacred aspect of the government.

Manzello’s encounter with the nature of historical cognition and the quality of its achievement on the two epistemological horizons of modernism and postmodernism in the light of the three historical approaches of reconstructionism, constructivism and deconstructionism in the transition from modernism to postmodernism, with the subtle difference between the two concepts of "historian" And the “history-researcher” is considered to be examined. The historian who lives in the discourse space of the realization of the historical subject, immersed in modern conditions, experiences and compels the resulting comprehension of history and creates historical documents. The “history-researcher” lives in the contemporary discourse space and thinks in accordance with the structural and discourse requirements of his time and communicates with history. The history-researcher, both in the sense of reconstruction-construction and in the sense of deconstruction, presents his narrative in the light of narration and passing through events. A detailed description of the above-mentioned three approaches is considered by Manzello's book entitled “Deconstruction of History”, which is examined in both negative and positive aspects.

This essay criticizes Beatrice Forbes Manz's, researcher of Mongol and Timurid era, interpretive approaches in the book" power, politics and religion in Timurid Iran". Manz survey Shahrokh's era history and specially relations between society and government by different viewpoint and come up with new horizons in this book. Thus, after introducing the brief of each chapter and book position on Timurid surveying arena, criticize epistemological basics and author's model theory which author interpret relations between society and government by them. The mentioned critic besides care about author's viewpoint in coming up with new horizons in Timurid historiography and provoking readers to seeing Timurid's successor's  society and governments structure in different way, pays attention to her  attitude about Shahrokh era history .

Military constitution of Ilkhanid and Mamalik states were led to especial position of army and more efficacy of military nobilities. Mentioned efficacy as well as the kind of these two states, that mostly were conflicted, were caused that Militaries had more roles in determining these relations. Some samples were freely or compulsory refuges of militaries to the realm of enemy state that was welcomed with great acceptance and influenced politics and economics of conflicted realms. To seek refuge, is explained and analyzed as the problem of our research. The question is what effects have had the place and function of noble military in Ilkhanid and Mamalik states? The result of the research by descriptive and analytic approach indicates that refugee of noble militaries was as factors of conflicts while Ilkhanids have used mentioned problem as a motivation for attacking Damascus, Mamaliks have tried to use this as political tool and put pressure on their enemies.

The geography of Iraq's Ajim during the course of the Ilkhani period has been discussed. The strategic and important position of the Iraqi province is the Ajim from the point of view of commercial relations and the important role that this region links between the capitals of the Ilkhanites in the northwest of Iran with other The central areas of the central plateau, the distinction of the Iraqi Ajm province with the urban centers of south and southwest Iran in terms of the severity of the injuries caused by the initial incursion of the Mongols, the need to rebuild the Iranian urban centers after the Muslim period of the Ilkhans, The structure of the Ilkhani state in the Muslim period and the necessity of adhering to the internal requirements of patterns New governance and other reasons, all of which can be combined as a set of factors, in order to clarify the effect of the geographic location of Iraqi Ajim on the development of the educational system of the Ilkhanic system, especially in the Ilkhian Muslim period.

This essay by paying attention to relation between «history» and «historiography» concepts has the agenda of internal and external critic of the book "Persian historiography to the end of the twelfth century" which is authored by Julie Scott Meisami. Meisami studies and interprets historiographical insights of historians of the Samanid and Ghaznavid and Seljuks era from her point of view and subject which has been elaborated by her in process of evaluation of Persian historiography. But the point is that this researcher of history and literature arena how much could perceive the historiographical discourse of Iran middle age and her book comes up with what new horizon in historiography arena. Meisami's book has been criticized with positive and negative approaches together and from all aspects follows dynamic of history science. Thus, besides introducing briefing of book subjects and expressing the surveying position, criticize its subjects. The problem is that does Meisami have methodical approaches in drafting and surveying or no and if the answer is positive how much she was committed to methodological and epistemological basics.

Extensive researches have been conducted so far on the origin, rise and decline of religious affairs in the time of Nader Shah; however there are many undiscovered aspects to historians and Islamic researchers. The raised question which will be analyzed in the present paper is: What were the religious relations between Iran and Ottomans in the time of Nader Shah?
The first hypothesis which comes to one’s mind is that Nader Shah tried to promote Ja’fari school of thought in order to expand the territory of Persia to its limits in Safavid time. Also he aspired to become the most powerful ruler in the world. A general description of the intellectual and political relations between Iran and Ottomans from the time of the grand meeting of Moghan and also religious association of Najaf will be presented and finally the peace between Nader and Ottomans will be analyzed in the present paper. It is proved that the purpose of Nader Shah in pursuing these relations was to expand Iran's territory in order to become the most powerful ruler in Islamic world. Although he did not reach all his goals, he managed to bring peace with Ottomans. The present paper has applied a descriptive – analytical approach which is a common methodology in historical studies.

The power which had been presented by the Chingiz and the active participation of tribal leaders in the early 7th century AH / 13th was military-essence power. The military forces were the main basis of Mongols power and reformations which Chingiz reformed to political and legal fields obviously had military effects. War was a common event among Mongols and depredation considered as significant method to supply economic demands. The mention point caused that military powers increase their influence and Mongols power mainly be military-structured in colonial areas.
In addition Ilkhanids government was military-essence and military aristocracy has special influence, particularly in first decades of their governing. These military aristocracies that tend to irregular approaches in political and economic subjects had kept his influence till Ilkhanids fall. The Position of the military aristocracy and its influence on structure of Ilkhanids government, as traditional economy changed to modern one, by paying attention to their position in pre-Ilkhanids era is subject which this essay will survey that by descriptive and analytical approach.

Abbasid caliphate's chaotic and unstable situation during the third century, AH, and the oppression and injustic of the state agents and the long geographical distance between Tabaristan and Capital of the Caliphate, provided a good opportunity for the alavids of Tabaristan to establish their own government. Alavids started ruling Tabaristan by claiming the establishment of an independent shi'ite regime that refused to fall under sovereignty of the Abbasid empire. Due to the importance of legitimacy to the survival of a government, and to the strength and stability of a political system, this descriptive-analytical research has tried to evaluate the fundamentals of legitimacy of Tabaristan Alavid dynasty using existing historical data. The findings of this research suggests that Tabaristan Alavids unlike other governments at that time did not earn their legitimacy from the Baghdad caliphates and tried to get public legitimacy by relying on their kinship with prophet mohammad, and also by claiming of justice that is one of the basics of shi'ite faith, to strengthen the foundations of their authority and legitimacy, and were able to rule Tabaristan over half a century.

Circumstance of having relation with Mamluks was important subject in Ilkhandis era. Importance of strategic of Mamluks’s realm and significant role which Mediterranean sea prepare for these areas; attracted Mongoles to them since Holaku came and Mongoles conquer Jazireh and parts of Sham quickly. Priority of Mamluks in Eyn-e-Jalut led to Ilkhandis take depredational economic and militarian strategic against Mamluks but their militarian strategic wasnt too succesful.Thus Ilkhandis who were successor of Ghazan, by being realistic and using of rival’s preparation, attempt for replacing political and cultural strategic instead of militarian one and instead of contrasting put collabration in their agenda. This essay, in addition of surveying the preventing and preparing factors of Peaceful relations between these two governments in 8th era, checking the backgrouds and circumstances of this strategic changes out. Byproduct of research recounts that Ilkhandis and Mamlukes government affected by their structure situation peace out together and these 2 muslim government achieve Convergence.

This article critics the explanative and interpretative position of: An Introduction to The Urbanization in the Seljuk Period. The creation of social and economic structure of cities in Seljuk's era and more organized functions that been performed, are some of the best aspects of Iran history in this era that give this book value of criticizing. Back grounds of Consolidation and institutionalization of urban structure have been prepared in Iran in Seljuk's era and ancient and Islamic heritages and cultural and civilized achievements in beginning eras of Islam integrated with each other and reached significant social-economical structure. The author besides paying attention to process of developing of city and urbanization in Iran history, research about urban relations of this era and by concentrating on urban economy and subsistence function in middle age, survey economical relations of cities with other productive systems during Seljuk's era.

Abolqasem Kashani, the Shi’i historian of Ilkhanid era, due to the influence of new situation that appeared after Abbasid Caliphate’s fall and the rise of Ilkhanids, offers a new Historiographical perspective. He tries to avoid prejudice and by accuracy and tolerance, studies history and intends to strengthen the social and political position of the Shi’is; hence he tries to present a logical defense of the Shi’is. The present essay studies the historiographical vision of Kashani in two inter-related sections: the first section will study the position of Shi’is in history and the truth of their claim from Kashani’s standpoint. The second section deals with the pathology of Islamic civilization from his view point. In the essay we continue by examining the causes for the sectarianism in Islam and how Kashani defends the Shi’i truth taking advantage of the new atmosphere of the Ilkhanids.

The Mongols were Shamanist and because of their "nomadic" life style believed in religious moderation. In Chinggis law, all religions were of equal value. This belief paved the way for religious interactions between the Mongols and the people conquered by them. The superiority of Islamic culture and civilization and the large number of Muslims that lived in the four Oluses of Chinggis children paved the way for a number of Mongol rulers to convert to Islam. This, in turn, improved the conditions of the conquered Muslims. In the realm of the Ilkhanids, given the religious awareness and moderation of the Mongols, the Muslims enjoyed more prosperous situations. Furthermore, the legitimacy of the governments and their alignment with their people resulted from their being Muslim. In this realm, other socio-economic conditions and grounds encouraged the Mongols for embracing Islam. The present paper aims at clarifying such grounds and other factors which were at work for encouraging the Mongol rulers to convert to Islam in other Oluses.

The rise of the Ilkhanid dynasty in the middle of the 13th century brought about proportional security to Iran, also leading to improvements in the urban economy resulting improvements in a vast area of the country.The growth of the urban economy that followed political- economic considerations of the Ilkhanids, caused a noticeable development in the fiscal system. This can be seen as a distinct era. Nevertheless, some experts consider the Ilkhanid's economy as a non-monetary economy and deny the use of any currency in many areas in Iran. This paper examines the nature of the fiscal system in the Ilkhanid era, the significance of the urban economy to the system, and the briskness or stagnancy of money in the period. This article also pays attention to the circulation of the first banknote, Chao, in the territory of Ilkhanids.

The study of the Bazaar's condition and its influence on urban economy because of the vital role of merchants in economic structure is of great importance. This leads us to a clear understanding about the quality of life in Ilkhanid's period. The merchants in this era had been good in considering political and economic facts regarding historical data. In addition to commercial activities, they where the source of any influence in political and social affairs. Contrary to what we think about Mongolian governing, the rise at Ilkhanid dynasty in the middle 13th century A.H brought proportional security to Iran, and caused improvement of the urban economy in a vast region. The rise of trade balance and the emergence of a new cast in society in this era it is witnessed that under the shadow of this security, economy had expanded.