فهرست مطالب sepideh razi

Comparative law, as a method for the development and reform of national law, plays an important role in the dynamics of legal science, especially in private law. It enables legal scholars from different nations to draw on the experiences of other countries, offering proposals for the reform of legal concepts. On one hand, comparative study in private law facilitates the understanding of domestic law by revealing the different interpretations and solutions that exist in other countries through comparison and juxtaposition. On the other hand, by clarifying the strengths and weaknesses of domestic law, it allows for the utilization of achievements from the countries under study to address and improve deficiencies through legislative and judicial action. Furthermore, it provides a valuable opportunity to present the strengths of domestic law to international and foreign regulatory bodies.This research, conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and utilizing library resources, first examines the role of comparative law in private law across both civil law and commercial law branches. It then deepens the study with a case analysis of the obligation to pay, which is increasingly utilized in civil and commercial contracts and serves as a common example to elucidate the practical function of comparative law in both branches. It aims to demonstrate how comparative study and the juxtaposition of legal institutions can significantly contribute to the nurturing and engineering of legal institutions, especially concerning the institution of obligations and its reform within the context of private law, and to serve as a source for presenting innovative solutions. To clarify the practical role of comparative law in private law, which is the most suitable branch for comparative study, a case study of the obligation to pay in the legal systems of England, France, and Iran reveals the necessity for reforming the deficiencies in the regulations regarding obligations within domestic law. The experiences of the countries examined indicate that, firstly, to prevent potential abuse by contracting parties, especially in cases of imbalanced power where contracts are imposed, there should be a possibility to limit the principle of autonomy of will and contractual freedom, as well as to adjust the obligation to pay in order to establish equitable exchange and economic public order. Secondly, the framework for this intervention must be clearly defined to apply only to unconscionable, oppressive, or unreasonable terms, as failing to establish such a framework can disrupt contractual relations between the parties. Therefore, through comparative study, it is essential to legislate for the possibility of controlling the freedom of will of the parties and adjusting the obligation to pay as an exceptional measure, with a clearly defined framework and criteria for its application.

The imposition of sanctions against Iran over many years has impacted crucial economic sectors, including the banking, energy, and industry as well as the health and medical systems and the scientific field of the country, leading to significant losses for natural and legal persons and raised questions regarding the methods of compensating and evaluating these damages. This research explores the forms of compensation in domestic and international law and examines the evaluation of material, moral and punitive damages. The compensation methods in domestic and international law generally follow a similar approach. Material damages can be compensated financially, whereas moral damages might not be adequately addressed through financial means alone; in such cases, non-financial methods like formal apologies, acceptance of violations, and expressing regret are utilized. Material damages can be evaluated with high accuracy using case-by-case criteria, ensuring the rights of the victims are not violated, and macroeconomic variables can be applied in extensive lawsuits. For moral damages, due to the complexity of calculating, a mixed criterion is preferable. Finally, in assessing punitive damages, the prolonged and severe impact of sanctions, along with the extent of material and moral damages, should considered.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a pandemic crisis. Little is known about the treatment of this disease, and supportive care is the only therapy for patients with COVID-19. It has been shown that mineral vitamins have an important role in improving the health status of the patients, and several studies have investigated their effects on patients affected with other coronaviruses. In this review, the probable mechanisms of action of each vitamin against COVID-19 infection, the benefits of co-therapy of vitamins with other supplements, and the recommended daily intake of each nutrient are discussed.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan (China). It soon became widespread so that the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of COVID-19 as a pandemic crisis. This disease has caused significant morbidity and mortality in the world. Clinical studies reported that there is a significant correlation between genders, immunogenetic variants, serum levels of some circulating factors, blood groups, and different races with severity and mortality of COVID-19 patients. Hence, some studies have investigated the role of individual genetic background in the susceptibility and vulnerability to COVID-19 infection. It is proposed that host genetic polymorphisms affect the onset and progression of COVID-19 infection and could dramatically impact the virus life cycle. This paper aims to review the state-of-the-art researches on the roles of genetic variants in host cell membrane proteins and blood circulation factors in the prognosis of patients with COVID-19.

Continuity of imposing sanctions against Iran and its harmful effects on natural and legal person has brought up the necessity to determine of the scope of liability due to imposing sanctions. Clarifying this issue requires examining the viewpoints of thought governing the limits of the legitimacy of sanctions and then determining the scope of civil liability due to imposing of illegitimate sanctions in domestic and international law. The present research which was written with analytical-descriptive method and using library tools, clarifies foundations of civil responsibility due to imposing sanctions in domestic and international law. Regarding the conceptual difference of civil liability foundations in domestic law and international law, civil liability due to imposing of sanctions in domestic law is subject to the theory of fault and in international law is subject to the theory of risk, but both domestic and international systems have this common point that they consider the act of violation of international law as an objective element, regardless of whether that act is intentional or unintentional. In this way, the imposition of sanctions that enforce or effect it violate international law, will causes responsibility of the sanctioning authority.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the ten most lethal cancers with a mortality rate of 5.7 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. According to the disease stage, its 5-year survival rate is between 3% and 34%. Treatment options for pancreatic cancer are surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a kind of immunotherapy. Immune checkpoints on T cells like cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) suppress the immune system by attaching to their ligands on normal and/or tumor cells. This mechanism protects the body against immune system hyperactivity, especially in autoimmune diseases, but tumor cells can escape from immune responses by expressing these ligands to maintain in the body and to be safe against the immune system. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are immunotherapeutic drugs that bind to proteins in cancer cells to prevent them from suppressing the immune system. Immune checkpoint inhibitors may lead to some adverse effects like vitiligo, thyroiditis, adrenal insufficiency, and other ophthalmologic, hematologic, and respiratory problems. However, it has been shown that the combination of these therapies with each other or other therapeutic approaches could increase the safety and efficacy of this developing method. Here, we will review some trials that have been done or are ongoing about the advances and the effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors on patients with pancreatic cancer.

In Iranian legal system, several acts have been enacted on the liability of foreign state for violating international law. Some of these acts have been enacted in order to protect the rights of the Iranian people and diplomatic support, and others in order to make counter measure against violation of immunity from jurisdiction and enforcement ‎by a foreign state, as well as to determine the competent court to file lawsuits and similar issues. In this study, Iran's legislative performance in the mentioned issues with an analytical approach, in order to identify Iran's legal capacity regarding the responsibility of the foreign state is examined and then the gaps in the mentioned laws are discussed. A study of the various acts in this field shows that these acts are often written without proper notice to sufficient accuracy, expert opinions and principles of legislation. Therefore, it is needed to consolidate these acts, which mainly have the same subjects, into a coherent act with sufficient scrutiny in writing articles, considering international law, and without mere quick reactionary approach to foreign state’s measures.

spiritual health is one of the most important and recognized types of health according to the World Health Organization. Of course, Islam not only considers it as one of the types of health, but also the main pillar of health. Spiritual health has different degrees and reaching its most perfect level is the goal of human creation.

The article is to show the special position of the divine caliphate of humans in achieving spiritual health, and by reaching the divine caliphate, a person attains the most basic pillar of spiritual health.

The study and investigation of this research is theoretical and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The method of collecting information is library-based and is done by referring to documents, books and articles.

They emphasize that, according to the Imamiyya traditions under the story of Adam, peace be upon him, complete knowledge and complete manifestation of divine names and attributes is an indicator by which one can achieve spiritual health that even divine angels cannot achieve. This knowledge and its manifestation in man has led to reaching the position of divine caliphate, and such a position causes the angels to prostrate to man, and reaching this position is the goal of man's journey towards God Almighty.

From the point of view of the Qur'an in the story of Adam, peace be upon him, mankind reaches the highest level of spiritual health with spiritual conduct and attaining the position of divine caliphate in terms of authority and establishment in the position of full manifestation of divine names and attributes.

The existence of many hadiths quoted from the Infallible Imams that provide exegeses of Quranic verses makes one of the greatest treasure troves for the correct interpretation of the verses in the Shii school. As the hadiths pertaining to the Quranic stories are mixed with or accompanied by Israelite and fake accounts, it has become difficult to distinguish the correct versions from the wrong ones. Therefore, checking the authenticity of these hadiths paves the ground for understanding the Quranic stories better.    In this research, an attempt has been made with regard to verses 84 to 95 of Sura Hūd, the preaching and prophetic life of prophet Shuʿayb (Jethro) in the form of six separate titles with regard to the hadiths presented about these verses in hadith-based tafsir books and by scrutinising their chain of transmission. In general, what has been reported about the story of the prophet Shuʿayb in the hadith-based exegeses is correct, except for a few minor cases, all owing to the existence of some reporters whose reliability has not been ascertained. This research seeks to propose a method similar to what jurists (faqihs, fuqahā) have followed for authenticating hadiths, to propose a method to evaluate and separate credible hadiths from other hadiths in interpretation so that this hadith-based treasure can be used more authentically. The method applied in this research is fundamental (bunyādī), documentary (isnādī), with interdisciplinary data analysis.

Numerous discoveries and experiments at the beginning of the twentieth century showed that classical physics was not enough to depict the true face of the natural world, and these shortcomings led to human thinking taking a new direction in physics. In the new view of physics, the view of the phenomena of existence is the view of the indivisible components and the action and reaction of a whole. On the other hand, in transcendent wisdom, according to Sadra's philosophical principles such as longitudinal and transverse skepticism, the existence of common time, etc., a system of the natural world has been described that is very similar to the new findings of physics. One of the greatest results of this exploration is that material objects are not distinct from each other, but are inextricably linked to their surroundings, and their properties are only in relation to their relation. Understandable with the whole world. These relationships extend to the distant distances of the vast universe and to distant stars and galaxies, and finally, by combining these two perspectives, the unity of the universe in the macroscopic world is revealed. Combining the new achievements of the natural sciences with philosophical thinking is a step forward in a better and more complete understanding of the natural world.

Development in all fields of science and technology has caused that in most of problems, judge without referring to the professional people could not be able to realized different dimensions of one subject. With regards to this issue, we should consider that it is possible that the experts may make a mistake which on this condition, regulation and custom would be violated and on the other hand, this condition could cause that one of the parties incur a loss. Person who has incurred a loss for request of compensation, should prove fault as the civil responsibility. While as the criterion of the expert’s fault is violation from one normal behavior for a professional person in that field so because of this, the incurred person may could not be able to prove a professional fault and he would face with a challenge. Studied in judgement procedure shows that in addition of lots of verdicts based on expert’s fault from disciplinary courts, claims of civil liability against them are less and its reasons refer to the lack of awareness about presenting these claims and hopeless from any desired results and hardness. So supporting from the incurred person is needed in order to facilitating proving and solve the problems of the incurred person and reaching to his/her rights. With regards to this aim, some possibility should be provided till the incurred person could use from the verdict based on the expert’s fault via disciplinary court till he would be free from proving fault in the legal court.

One of the most significant issues in anthropology is the relationship between two major aspects of human life: soul and corpus. A review over philosophical texts from the early Greek era to the present time reveals the fact that soul’s relationship with the corpus is and has always been concerning philosophers. However, over time, separation of sciences and their narrowed down branches brought made it particularly interesting for other branches of science like embryology, psychology, parapsychology, etc. The main focus of this study is human genesis since his presence in the material world which is scrutinized through philosophical views of Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra and comparing their views with embryological theories of Thomas W. Sadler as a prominent theoretician in the field. Conception and order of formation of body organs, parents’ influence on embryo and their relationship, the time of acquiring soul and the issue of protective and exhaustive are among the points discussed in this study in order to make a better evaluation of the issue under study.Several theories have been developed on the formation of the first organ by eminent thinkers all of which could be culminated. If veins and nerves are considered as organs, they will be the first ones; otherwise, the heart is the initiator of embryogenesis. Ibn Sina concords with the second part of medical theories; however, regardless of the differences in views of Mulla Sadra on the genesis of the first organ, if the liver is the beginning point for veins and nerves, then, he will go with the first theory. For Ibn Sina, heart is the first organ for he believes that it is the origin of heat. Nevertheless, in some of his works, Mulla Sadra states the heart to be the first organ; yet, if the criteria for his selection is an overall look at his works, brain has to be considered as the initiator of embryogenesis due to its inherent priority and since liver as the origin of veins is formed earlier. Both of these approaches, however, contradict with the ideas Ibn Sina had on this issue. In the case of formation of other body organs, there seems to be almost no difference in views of these two philosophers on chronological order and for both of them, the other one’s first is the second one. Yet, Mulla Sadra’s views are supported more strongly by medical views of the modern world. This is due to the fact that, Ibn Sina puts the formation of veins and nerves two steps behind compared to the findings of modern medicine.Regarding the method and time of attachment of soul to the embryo, Ibn Sina takes the time when heart is completely formed as the time when embryo gains the intellective soul. Yet, based on his own principles, Mulla Sadra believes that when the embryo is formed, the fetus is of signs of "plant life”. In other words, the fetus at this stage eats and grows; however, it lacks sense and movement as the signs of “animal life” and intellectual perception as the main sign of “human life”. As the embryo evolves inside its mother’s womb, its aptitudes are realized and this gives it an animal soul and later on other human life traits are gradually flourished. Embryology findings of modern medicine reveal that fetus receives the essence of life from its parents and it is the beginning of birth and growth of a new creature.  Thus, fetus is a living creature of life right from the conception. This concord well with the trans-substantial motion theory of Mulla Sadra. Accordingly, acquisition of soul from Mulla Sadra’s point of view and medical perspective coordinate well considering their views on the first organ of primary stages of soul and life even in their faintest forms. Views and ideas of these two philosophers on creation of soul and the protective and exhaustive factor are different. Ibn Sina believes that soul of parents is vicariously protective and exhaustive so that at first, the soul of mother is the collection of elements and creator of nature, then in the middle, mineral face or the born soul is exhaustive and protective with the aid of mother’s soul and finally the born soul becomes independent. Mulla Sadra denies this and believes that delegation in various affairs is in contractual affairs and not in real and inherent ones. For him, exhaustiveness of body organs is neither the souls of parents nor the soul of embryo but is the nutrition substances which collect the necessary and required components in its essence due to the trans-substantial motion and inherent perfection and is even more perfect and transforms as time passes and this is the plant soul of the embryo which protects it until the time comes for it to be qualified to gain the potential to show animal behavior beside above-mentioned deeds and behaviors. At this moment, human body is evolved and becomes legible to acquire intellective soul with which not only mineral deeds are conducted along with plant and animal behavior, but contemplation and perception also occur as the intellectual soul. Modern medical findings solve the problem of exhaustiveness of the embryo since they take fetus as a living creature; however, the concept of protectiveness as it is discussed in philosophy is of no ground in embryology and the only mention of it is made about the role the mother and her body has in protecting the fetus conceived in her womb.  Mother’s body acts as a home and a system feeding and protecting the fetus and since it is the site for the nurture of a creature named human, her temperament and spiritual state will have their influence of the embryo.In conclusion, an overall evaluation of these views reveals that ontological principles of Mulla Sadra to elaborate on embryogenesis and the life of human embryo concord much better with modern findings of embryology as a science in comparison to the ones developed by Ibn Sina.No study has investigated the relationship between soul and corpus from this point of view. The method utilized in this study was documentary analysis using library resources. The references used in this study were all original texts including The Canon of Medicine, Book of Knowledge for Ala al-Dawla, Soul, etc. by Ibn Sina, The Transcendent theosophy in the Four Journeys of the Intellect, etc. by Mulla Sadra and Langman's Medical Embryology by Thomas W. Sadler.

Economic sanctions imposed by the United States of America have affected various sectors of the economy and the field of health and treatment in our country for many years. Although the Sanctioning government always claim that the sanctions do not include the health sector and medical equipment, but in practice, by imposing banking sanctions blocking the purchase of essential pharmaceutical items. In addition, foreign companies' fears of US secondary sanctions, despite the explicit provisions of the International Court of Justice's interim injunction excluding transactions in food and medicine, have prevented them from cooperating with the sanctions. Have become Iranian natural or legal persons. With the outbreak of corona virus, especially in the early stages, the shortage of drugs and medical supplies has disrupted the country's treatment system for effective and rapid response to the corona virus, which is a gross violation of fundamental rights. Human beings are considered have been repeatedly emphasized in numerous international instruments. The purpose of this study is to prove the legitimacy of Iran in claiming this fundamental right in national and international authorities, to provide better management of this crisis and the possibility of compensation for damages caused by sanctions.

. One of the challenges faced by philosophers throughout history of philosophical thoughts, has always been and is to find an adequate answer to the question of quiddity and existence of time and space. Thus, the present study aims to elaborate on the question of space and time in Mulla Sadra’s philosophy and its relationship with outcomes of modern physics. The study also intends to conduct an analytical comparison between these two views and clarify newer aspects of this complicated and vague question. According to principles of his thought system in his ontology and particularly his theory of substantial motion, Mulla Sadra’s view toward time has a closer concordance with findings of modern physicists like Albert Einstein. One of the most noticeable achievements of the present paper, considering ontological view of Mulla Sadra toward time, is to reach a comprehensive and vast view of the question of space and time covering space-time approach of theory of relativity and having the common issue of time in mind, develops an image of unity and connectivity of the world of nature with the four dimensions. The present study uses a documentary analysis research and uses library resources. The prominent works of Mulla Sadra and Einstein’ works on the Theory of Relativity were the main sources for this study. It is hoped that this view not only reveals further philosophical aspects of the issue of time but also help uncover newer approaches for physicists.

Owing to the importance of the position of adjudication, the judges have a sort of immunity in most legal systems in order not to be under pressure, to feel comfortable in issuance of judgment, and concentrate on finding the facts and laws of the cases submitted. However, due to some factors, judge's decision may cause material or moral damage to one of the parties in which case the impossibility of compensation is contrary to fairness and justice. But whether sue must be against the state or the judge is controversial. This study that is written through a descriptive-analytic method and by employing a library-based approached, aims at settling this problem. In the French law, the damages initially are compensated by the government, and the government has the right to refer to him if the damages are caused by the intentional or heavy fault of the judge. In Iran’s law, in the intentional or grave fault or unforgivable mistake of the judge the lawsuit is conducted against him and otherwise, would be against the state. While, the new Code of Criminal Procedure enacted in 1392/2013 as regards the damage arising from an imprisonment resulted in acquittal has followed the same method which is enforced in French law and other advanced systems according to which the state is responsible for compensating the injured and meanwhile, the right of the state to refer to the blameworthy judge is reserved that ensures the rights of the injured. Therefore, extension of this statement to cases where the fault or the mistake of the judge causes the material and moral loss to the parties, will advance the justice and increasingly secure the rights of the aggrieved party.

One of the greatest challenges faced by physicists and philosophers, in relation to the principle of causality, is the interpretation of uncertainty relations. Thus, several views have developed on this issue, a couple of the most important and yet contradictory of which are the views of Boehm and Heisenberg. Mulla Sadra’s philosophy has, also, provided some responses in its ontological and philosophical encounter with this issue. Hence, the present study, based on these principles and the certainty of causality, intends to explain, compare and analyze some fundamentals like the improvability of causality, the distinction between real and preparing causes, the concomitance of the real cause with necessity and cognation so that some light is shed on the darker aspects of the issue. Finally, the term “incertitude” is recommended to be used as an alternative for “uncertainty” due to cognitive errors induced by homonymies and particular philosophical sensitivities.

Sometimes people have priority to others due to having the right of Priority In conducting a legal action or demanding the fulfilment of right of a certain property. Sometimes the legislator has considered it for some reason for some persons in a particular position. The right of priority is protected by the legislator, and sometimes it is explicitly forbidden to opposing contract with it. However, the guarantee of this ban, there are disagreements between jurists and lawyers in the cases stated. Some believe conclusion of opposing contract with priority is void; in contrast, some are considered valid, in the end, others they have chosen the middle solution and they believe that the deal is not affected. In the examples of priority, the overall conclusion is that opposing contract with priority is un enforceability to third party; Because these transactions have all the components of the contract, except that there is a barrier to their influence, and that obstacle is the right of priority of the beneficiary, which, in the event of the subsequent payment of his rights, automatic be valid. Accepting this guarantee solution will not only supply the rights of the rightful owner butalso the rights of the parties.

Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease that affects hair, skin, and immune system. Here, we describe an 8.5-month-old infant with multiple admissions due to fever, petechial purpura, and several recurrent vomiting episodes with a presumptive diagnosis of recurrent sepsis. He was born from parents with consanguineous marriage. The initial examinations revealed huge splenomegaly and hepatomegaly without any source of infection. Laboratory tests revealed a hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) like a picture with a high blood level of ferritin in all episodes, but the bone marrow test result was normal. Although he had normal hair and skin pigmentation on physical examination, the accumulation of melanosomes was found in his hair shafts on microscopic investigations. Eventually, a genetic test revealed a mutation in the RAB27A gene, which confirmed GS-II diagnosis. Our case is the first case of GS-II from Iran without any apparent clinical features of GS, such as hypopigmented skin and silvery-gray hair. Therefore, a genetic test, together with the microscopic examination of hair and skin, is necessary for the diagnosis and confirmation of GS-II. Since GS-II is an autosomal recessive disorder and consanguineous marriages are popular in Iran, premarital genetic counseling is recommended for this region.

The hyper-immunoglobulin M (HIGM) syndrome comprises a group of rare inherited immunodeficiency disorders characterized by normal or elevated levels of serum IgM with low or absent levels of serum IgG, IgA and IgE. Patients with this syndrome usually present with a history of recurrent infections or opportunistic infections. Here, we report two male cousins from homozygote twin mothers. First cousin presented with no signs or symptoms other than neutropenia which was accidentally found in a routine blood test. Immunological work-up in this patient showed undetectable IgG and IgA levels and normal IgM level. The second cousin had a history of recurrent infections and at the time of admission, he was diagnosed with Pneumocystis jirovecii infection. Immunologic workup of this patient showed undetectable IgG, decreased IgA and increased IgM level. Due to their interesting family relationship, genetic analysis was performed which detected a novel mutation in in exon 2 (c.266 del G) of the CD40 ligand gene (CD40LG).

One of the issues that have attracted the attention of scientists throughout history is the relationship between the components of the universe and the ontology derived from such thinking. Since ancient Greece, many physicists and philosophers have been exploring this issue, and the results of their research and understanding of the issue have generally influenced one another, so that the discovery of a problem has led to fundamental changes in the thinking of the other group. With the advent of new physics, a new vantage point in the ontology of the universe has been created, and compared to the past scholars have been writing differently on this topic. Teller is one of the scholars influenced by the new findings of physics and has attempted to refute the divisive view of classical physics and raised his own theory which is based on universal and relational holism. This article attempts to explain Teller's point of view mentioned in his own essay within the framework of Bell’s theory of “Relativity, Relational Holism and Inequality" and critique and evaluate it on the basis of the ontological principles of transcendent theosophy. The results of this study emphasize that the empirical method is partial and not suitable for proving the holism of matter. Rather, with general and philosophical principles such as the individual unity of being, the principle of causality, and the principal of self-existence, a more plausible reasoning can be achieved. Undoubtedly, such dialogues between philosophy and physics will pave the way for a better and more complete understanding of existence.

This study is an attempt to find one of the main sources of Mulla Sadra's Intellectual-philosophical foundations. Mulla Sadra's ontology configuration, relying upon simplicity, unity of right of reality, existence influence, etc. corresponds to the statements of Imam Ali (PBUH) in the description of Allah, the Almighty, in Nahj al-Balaghah including such features as absoluteness, non-numerical unity, negating dualism of God and the disjunction from existences etc. , in a way that the theology of Imam Ali (PBUH) may be regarded as one of the main elements of the configuration of Shiite intellect as well as the basis of Mulla Sadra's ontology. Therefore, the semantic and content structure of these two theological systems - theology of Imam Ali (PBUH) and Mulla Sadra's ontology - can be analyzed both in terms of attributes and characteristics and in terms of principles and founding features. As an example, one can refer to the Imam Ali’s (PBUH) statement regarding some of the above principles in Nahj al-Balaghah two of which are shortly dealt with in the following:Unity of existence and nondisjunction of necessary bein from the possibilities
Unity of existence mainly emphasizes on simple and absolute existence and there is no plurality in it. Imam Ali (PBUH) says in Nahj al-Balaghah: ãóÚó ˜õáøö ÔóیúÁ áÇó ÈöãõÞóÇÑóäóÉ¡ æóÛóیúÑõ ˜õáøö ÔیÁ áÇ ÈöãõÒóÇیóáóÉ “that there is none with whom He may keep company or whom He may miss in his absence” (Nahj al-Balaghah, 1986, sermon 1).
In his book entitled “Asfar”, Mulla Sadra had made many remarks upon the non-separation of existence and its unity as the main pillar of the philosophy of transcendental wisdom in a way that in one his works says: ãæÌæÏÉ ÈæÌæÏ æÇÍÏ ÈÃä ی˜æä ÔÎÕ æÇÍÏ ÐÇ ÏÑÌÇÊ æÌæÏیÉ ÈÚÖåÇ ÃÑÝÚ æ ÃÔÑÝ ãä ÈÚÖ ãä ÛیÑ ÇäÝÕÇá æ ÇÝÊÑÇÞ ÈیäåÇ existence of every entity is unique and the degree of existence of some of them is higher and nobler than other entities without any distinction or disjunction between them (Mulla Sadra, 1984, 342/5).
Also in discussing the proof of the first cause and its non-separation from its effects that whatever they have is from the first cause, he says: «ÇáæÌæÏ ÚáÉ æ ãÚáæáÇ… Åáì ˜æä ÇáÚáÉ ãäåãÇ ÃãÑÇ ÍÞیÞیÇ æ ÇáãÚáæá ÌåÉ ãä ÌåÇÊå æ ÑÌÚÊ Úáیå ÇáãÓãì ÈÇáÚáÉ æ ÊÃËیÑå ááãÚáæá Åáì ÊØæÑå ÈØæÑ æ ÊÍیËå ÈÍیËیÉ áÇ ÇäÝÕÇá ÔیþÁ ãÈÇیä Úäå»
Existence of cause and effect…. . between these two true matters, there exists cause and effect is an aspect of cause aspects and causality and its influence which is called cause refers to its alteration and different aspects of finding himself rather than this point that effect has no reality other than the reality of its originating cause and it is not separated from it. (ibibd, 299/2) therefore:Negating dualism of God and God nondisjunction from existents in theology of Imam Ali (PBUH)
E
Unity of Existance in Sadra’s Viewpoint
Non-numerical unity of the reality of existence and God, the Almighty
In Nahj al-Balaghah, it is repeatedly discussed about the divine essence which is of non-numerical unity and that He will not be described through numerical unity. Indeed, divine oneness is not of a kind to be regarded as a numerical unity otherwise He will be bound with restrictions.
«áÇ یÔãá ÈÍÏ æ áÇ یÍÓÈ ÈÚÏ»
He is not confined by limits (as deserving restriction is possible, not obligatory) nor counted by numbers (because it is true unity and the secondary will not be imagined for Him) (Nahj al-Balaghah, 1985, Sermon 228)
Also in another sermon, He says: «ÇáÃÍÏ áÇ ÈÊÃæیá ÚÏÏ»
He is One but not by the first in counting (true unity and unique and there cannot be imagined the second for Him) (Ibid, Sermon 152, Motahhari, 2011, 16, 398)
Sadra, in describing non-numerical unity of the reality of existence, states: «Ãä ÐÇÊå ÊÚÇáì ÕÑÝ ÇáæÌæÏ ÇáÐی áÇ ÃÊã ãäå æ ÇáæÌæÏ ÃÚÑÝ ÇáÃÔیÇÁ æ ÃÈÓØåÇ ÝáÇ ãÚÑÝ áå æ áÇ ˜ÇÔÝ ÝáÇ ÌÒÁ áå ÎÇÑÌیÇ æ ÅÐ áÇ ãÇåیÉ áå ÝáÇ ÌäÓ áå æ áÇ ÝÕá ÝáÇ ÍÏ áå áÊјیÈ ÇáÍÏ ãäåãÇ ÛÇáÈÇ æ áÈÓÇØÊå æ ãÇ áÇ ÍÏ áå ÝáÇ ÈÑåÇä Úáیå ÅÐ ÇáÍÏ æ ÇáÈÑåÇä یÊÔÇјÇä Ýی ÇáÍÏæÏ ÝÐÇÊ ÇáÈÇÑی ããÇ áÇ ÍÏ áå æ áÇ ÈÑåÇä Úáیå»
, that is, the essence of God is the sole essence that nothing is more perfect than it, and this essence is the most indivisible and the most well-known of all entities; and, therefore, there is no definition for it, and it has no external elements, and there is no quiddity for it, no genus and no difference can be ascribed to it. Thus, it has no limitations because any limitation often contains difference. Another reason for its having no limitations lies in its indivisibility and that for which there exists no limitations has not any arguments, as the arguments and limitations have boundaries in common (Mulla Sadra, 1981:42-43). Finally, it can be claimed that having no elements, limitations, and arguments have caused essence, with regard to its prevalence in all entities, to have a oneness other than numerical oneness.
From the above statements it can be concluded that:Non-numerical oneness of God in the words of Imam Ali (PBUH) D the non-numerical oneness on the statements of Mulla Sdara When examining deeply the remaining words of Imam Ali (PBUH), which are prsently available and rethinking the philosophical principles of Mulla Sadra, the close relationship between these can be found. It can be obtained as the results of this hypothesis, as a general consequence, is that the Islamic philosopher's thoughts, especially those of Mulla Sadra, have their origins and roots in the statements of the Innocent. Perhaps one of the reasons of the sustainability and long life of the main principles of Mulla Sadra, in spite of the passage of several centuries after these principles have been stated, is the connection of these thoughts to and their origins from the words of God and the Innocent. Even though we may not believe in this connection, the basic similarities between these principles can be considered as a reason for the right course of Mulla Sadra's thoughts. It should be noted that every statement, save that of the Innocent, has the possibility of being mistaken and fault, and those which are in our mind are general ones. This is a strong reason that the philosophy of Islam is not the same as the Greece or the Western philosophy. Finally, as a general and brief look, some of the similarities between the principles of Mulla Sadra's philosophy and the statements of Imam Ali (PBUH) have been mentioned:The essence of God is not definable D For essence; there is no definition, neither based on limitation nor by demonstration.
Absoluteness view on God D Absoluteness of essence.
The unity of manifestation of God D Eternal manifestation of essence is the reality of its secrecy.
The reality of the pluralism of the entities from the viewpoint of Nahj-o al-Balagha D The reality of the objective world and the creatures while having the unity of the essence.
The unequalled presence of God in all entities D The accidental occurrence of existence to quiddity.