seyed ahmad ghasemi

Humic acid is a soluble organic substance in varying concentrations in most aquatic ecosystems. Humic acid is present in water and the food chain is directly consumed by aquatic animals. This study investigated the effects of a humic acid-enriched diet on growth performance and gut histology in male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). To prepare the experimental diets, four amounts of humic acid were added to a basic diet: 0 [control], 5, 10, and 15 g kg-1 diet. The duration of the experiments was six weeks. The length and weight of the fish in the different treatments did not differ at the end of the experiment. No significant differences were found between treatments in growth traits and feed efficiency. The condition factor as a symbol of health also did not differ between the experimental treatments. However, the intestines of fish fed 10 and 15 g kg-1 humic acid had longer and thicker villi than those of control animals. No significant differences were found in the depth of the intestinal crypt between the treatments. The results of the present study show that adding humic acid to the diet of Siamese fighting fish is associated with the development of intestinal tissue, but has no significant effect on the growth performance of the fish.

The population structure and genetic diversity of Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) fish were studied in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea using AFLP molecular markers. In the present study, 70 samples were collected from the Persian Gulf (Bushehr, Hendijan, and Dayyer) and 2 regions of the Makran Sea (Bandar Abbas and Chabahar). The results indicated that 557 loci were amplified by 10 pairs of primers and 243 loci showed polymorphism. An average of 43.6% of polymorphic loci was amplified for each primer combination. The genetic average diversity was 0.29. The highest and lowest genetic diversities were observed in the samples obtained from Chabahar (0.37) and Bushehr, respectively. Variance analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the studied populations in terms of genetic diversity. The coefficient of genetic differentiation between the populations (FST) ranged from 0.024 to 0.204 indicating a low level of gene differentiation within the population in the Persian Gulf, while gene differentiation between the populations in the Persian Gulf and Makran Sea was intermediate. The genetic distance and phylogenetic tree showed a clear pattern of the separation of populations of the Persian Gulf and Makran Sea. Gene flow (Nm) between the populations was measured to be 0.93-10.6 based on the genetic differentiation coefficient between the populations, indicating that there was l gene flow between the populations. Therefore, the results of clustering, genetic distance, Fst index, and PCA analysis revealed that the Persian Gulf populations were not separated, but they were separated from Jask and Chabahar populations.

The aim of this study was to identify different population broodstocks of Litopenaeus vannamei and effect of inbreeding and cross-inbreeding on genetic characteristics and inbreeding coefficient of offspring in the next generation. According to origin of broodstocks kept in hatcheries of Bushehr province in the first generation, different populations were identified through microsatellite method from Hybrid, High health and Molokai stocks then, in the next generations genetic characteristics of offspring from their inbreeding and cross-inbreeding were examined. The results showed that the amount of genetic diversity in Molokai and High Health stocks (0.46±0.09 and 0.50±0.07) was more than hybrid stock (0.38±0.06). The inbreeding coefficients of Molokai, High Health and hybrid stocks were 0.14, 0.31 and 0.41, respectively. Due to the low genetic distance between the hybrid and Molokai stocks, after mixing them together Molokai and High Health populations were introduced as the first generation broodstock. In the second generation, despite the high genetic diversity in the offspring of Molokai×High Health (0.47±0.12) and High Health×Molokai (0.39±0.08) than the offspring of Molokai×Molokai (0.19±0.04) and High Health× High Health (0.11±0.03), these values were reduced compared to the first generation. The lowest and highest inbreeding coefficients were related to the offspring of Molokai×High Health (0.268 ±0.18) and Molokai× Molokai (0.853±0.145), respectively. According to the results, it can be said that the lack of knowledge about the genetic characteristics of broodstocks and mating between individual relationships (full and half sib) can reduce genetic characteristics and genetic depression due to increased inbreeding coefficients in next generations.

Due to the importance of probiotics in marine shrimp farming, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantrum probiotics in breeding water on growth factors and carcass quality of Vanami shrimp. In this study, the interactions of two probiotics Bacillus subtilis (B) and Lactobacillus plantarum (L) at 2 levels B1 = 106 CFU / gr and B2 = 106 C 3 CFU / gr, L1 = 105 CFU / gr and L2 = 105 × 3 CFU / gr in the water of western white-footed shrimp post-larval breeding tanks was evaluated for 2 months. Growth factors including: body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, survival percentage and carcass fat and protein were measured, then the shrimp were transferred to the freezer at -18 ° C and on days 1, 15, 30, 45 and 60 Carcass quality including: drainage, water holding capacity, pH, TBA and TVB-N were measured. According to the data obtained from carcass quality tests, it was found that in the gut index, on day 1, Lactobacillus plantarm strain alone and in combination with Bacillus subtilis was effective in significant differences, on day 60, only Lactobacillus plantarm species in The difference was significant. In the water holding capacity index, only in the results related to the first day of the experiment, the role of both strains individually and also the interaction with each other was observed, while the pH results had no role at all in either day. In TBA test, only Lactobacillus plantarm strain was effective in the data related to day 15, while in TVB-N index, like pH, they were not affected in any of the days.

Otolithes ruber is a commercially important species in Persian Gulf. We estimated the genetic diversity and population structure among six populations of O. ruber from Iranain coastal waters(Khormosa, Hendijan, Genaveh, Boushhr, Dayer and Asaloyeh) using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technology. A total of 345 bands were amplified for 80 individuals by 7 pair selective primers (+3), 37.27% of which were polymorphic bands. Minimum and maximum polymorphic band percent obtained from EAA/MCAT(39) and EACA/MCAG(25%) respectively. Average of genetic diversity and Shannon index were calculated 0.28 and 0.5 respectively. Boushhr showed the highest genetic diversity (0.33) and Shannon genetic diversity (0.5). Pairwise FST values were between 0.022 to 0.23. Significant genealogical branches or clusters corresponding to sampling localities were detected by UPGMA tree. The results of AMOVA analysis and pairwise FST values showed genetic divergence among different geographic populations. Pairwise Fst and UPGMA tree revealed significant genetic differentiation among Khormosa, Boushhr and dayer. But genetic differentiation wasn’t height among population.

Cytochrome CYP1A is one of the main involved enzymes in the metabolism of the xenobiotic. Identifying the cytochrome P450 (CYP1A), responsible for the major metabolic pathways, can lead to understanding the metabolism pathway of organic materials and PAHs adaptation of sea fish. Results from cloning and identifying CYP1A gene in Periophthalmus waltoni showed CYP1A contained 1035 nucleotide from open reading frame sequenced. CYP1A basal gene expression was varied from 23, 22, 19, 17, 11, 11% for gill, kidney, heart, intestine, brain respectively. According to the results, liver organ showed the highest response of CYP1A gene expression like other fish species. But, the basic gene expression of CYP1A in other organs in comparison with liver organ was higher. Although basal expression pattern of genes depending on the species, high basal expression of gene CYP1A due to P. waltoni was exposure to PAH in natural conditions. Different CYP1A gene expression pattern in different organs showed ecophysiological condition of mudskipper. So, P. waltoni has the potential to be used as an exact biomarker for evaluation of organic pollutant of ecosystems especially PAHs.

Mudskippers are important in many biological and ecotoxicological studies and recognized as potentioal Biomarker in environmental monitoring and assessments of coastal waters in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. DNA Barcoding technique was used to identify the exact species of mudskippers in the Persian Gulf from Coastal waters of Bushehr province. This technique may provide faster detecting and giving a lot of information about the taxonomy of species. Samples were collected from four areas including Genaveh, Shif, Delawar and Mond in Bushehr province. According to morphological properties three species (Boleophthalmus dussumeri, Periophthalmus waltoni and Scartelaos teneus) were identified. In order to barcoding, mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase of the fish was sequenced. COI sequence analysis of ten specimens from each species indicates that B. dussumeri, P. waltoni and S. teneus have genetic differences in amount of 17.8%. Maximum genetic differences were calculated between B. dussumeri, P. waltoni (19.1%) and minimum genetic differences were observed between P. waltoni and S. teneus (11.8%). These amounts of genetic differences among the studied mudskippers, approve the presence of three species in Bushehr coastal waters. COI sequence comparison and phylogenetic tree of each studied species with other mudskippers clustered these species in the same genus. In molecular obtained data confirmed the present morphological classification methods for these species.

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is an important compound of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that is carcinogenic and very toxic. In this research, 45 pieces of common carp, Cyprinus carpio were divided to 2 BaP treated groups (those received 50 and 100 mg per Kg body weight) and a control group in 3 replicates for each group. BaP were injected intraperitoneally to evaluate its direct effects. Renal histological responses were examined at 24, 72 and 168 hours after exposing to toxicant. After 24 hours, more histopathological lesions were observed in 100 mg/Kg BW when compared with 50 mg/Kg and control groups. More lesions were observed in both 50 and 100 mg/Kg treatments in 72 up to 168 hours samples. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of epithelial cells in Bowman's capsule, glomerular capillary aneurysm, epithelial lifting, tubular cell necrosis, and blood cell in Bowman's capsule were the most frequent observed alterations. There were significant differences between renal tubule diameters in different treatments and sampling times (P