فهرست مطالب seyed ataollah hosseini

In the mountainous forests of northern Iran, without the help of nature and the intervention of experts, there is no possibility of early stabilization of shallow landslide spots where the rich soil of the forest is often wasted due to leaching. Therefore, in this situation, timely implementation of soil protection techniques and identification of their effectiveness becomes necessary, especially in the steep sideslopes of forest roads.

In this research and along the network of forest roads of Shastkalateh plan of Golestan province, the location of earthen seideslopes, including cutslope and fillslopes with a slope of 45-60 degrees, was recorded with the help of GPS. Then, hydromulching operation with hydromulch, absorption bag, geo-cell, stabilization with geotextile, dead hedge, and alive hedge with 4 repetitions were carried out on the road sideslopes. 4 replications were also examined as controls without any treatment. Sampling was carried out by placing traps in the side air and at the beginning (retention trap) and the end of treated and control plots. At the end of a 6-month period (autumn and winter), five samples of sediments accumulated in the traps were collected to measure the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter elements. The amount of absorbable potassium was determined by the ammonium acetate and chloride method, the amount of absorbable phosphorus was determined by the spectrophotometer method, the percentage of total nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method, and the percentage of organic matter was determined by the nitration method.

The results showed that the loss of soil nutrients, especially organic matter and nitrogen, from the surface of the cutslope was more than that of the fillslope. While in geo-cell treatment, there was no significant difference between the loss of soil nutrients from the surface of cutslope and fillslope. The highest loss of soil nutrients was observed in the control treatment. In total, geo-cell treatment (83.7 percent) and alive hedge (75.2 percent) are the most efficient treatments, and hydromulch treatment (45.3 percent) and absorption bag (53.2 percent) are the most ineffective treatments in order to control nutrient loss.

Soil stabilization methods can preserve soil nutrients, prepare a suitable substrate for the regrowth of native plants, preserve soil microorganisms, and increase the resistance of road construction with minimal costs. The ability of soil protection methods to prevent runoff, sediments and loss of nutrients is different, and this depends to a large extent on the climatic conditions of the region. It was concluded that geo-grid and water absorption bags can be used to control soil nutrient loss from forest road sideslopes.

Landslides are one of the most important factors in the destruction of watersheds. The frequency of landslides is higher in sloping and wet slopes consisting of sensitive formations or due to human activities. Taleghan watershed is known as one of the most prone landslides in the southern slopes of Alborz mountain range, despite the significant area of Miocene marls and high natural humidity due to high density of drainage network and construction of Taleghan dam. A review of the records of studies related to the Taleghan watershed shows that older studies have been done with simple and qualitative tools and based on the experiences of experts, while today these methods have given way to quantitative statistical studies and methods based on machine learning. The evolution of landslide risk zoning tools in Taleghan also demonstrates this importance. In this study, while reviewing the research objectives, we have reviewed the application of methods over the past two decades and after reviewing 15 separate research articles, the evolution of landslide risk zoning tools in the Taleghan watershed has been investigated. The results showed that statistical models were better and more applicable than innovative models and qualitative and semi-quantitative methods, but it is noteworthy that the speed of using methods based on machine training and fuzzy logic was higher and This result is clearly seen in studies conducted in this basin (especially during the last five years).

In this study, the effects of age and cut slope characteristics of forest roads were investigated on the water quality properties of streams in Hyrcanian forest of Darabkola (Mazandaran province).

Twelve points were randomly selected at four stations including road age (15 and 30 years) and cut slope (13, 15, 18 and 20%) and water and soil sampling was performed. Acidity, electrical conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), nitrate, phosphate and ammonium were measured. Comparison of soil properties shows a significant difference at three points on the trench and at each station.

Results showed that the cut slope had a significant effect on all variables of the waterways. Among the studied variables of water quality, although pH and EC showed significant variations considering the utilization and road treatments, as the soil has many daily and temporary variations; definitive decisions cannot be made regarding the impact of utilization and characteristics of forest roads on them.

In conclusion, it can be stated that in the present study, the factors affecting the quality of waterways and the relative impact of anthropogenic and natural factors involved in water quality were determined. So, this study is a good starting point for further research on the details and objectives of forest management in order to preserve this ecosystem.

The purpose of this study is to compare road geometry with standard road construction values. The studied area is Tang-e-Sulak, located in the city of Bahmiy (Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Prov.), a protected area with its tourist, recreational and natural attractions in the southern Zagros forests. In this research, the existing road position was first taken using GPS and then placed on a topographic map. In the next step, the slopes were graded (from 0 to 10, 10 to 20, 20 to 30, 30 to 40, 40 to 50, 50 to 60 and more than 60 percent), then 11 samples were randomly selected on each slope. In the next step, the size of the taken samples was compared with the standard values (Booklet No. 131 and 161). The width of the running surface and right of way were analyzed on the basis of analytical statistics and other road geometric characteristics based on descriptive statistics. Soil samples were taken from each of the slopes of the slopes, and a soil sample was selected randomly for soil texture detection. Data analysis was done by T-test, Pearson correlation and SPSS software. The results showed that the width of the rudder and the constructional area of the road on the slopes (10-20, 40-50, 60-50, and 60) were less than the standard values and in the 1

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diameter and height growth of two native species of alder (Alnus glutinosa L. Gaertn.) and willow (Salix alba L.) planted in three treatments including natural mulches of straw, wood chips and bare soil without mulch (as control) treatments. The design of the experiments was in the form of split plots and in the form of completely random blocks located in Chamestan, Mazandaran. The results showed that the regression relationships between diameter and height in alder species were better than those of willow species completely randomly. The study area was in parcels 5 of series 3 district of Surdar -Watashan forestry plan in watershed 49 of forests in the north of the country. The regression coefficient for the independent variable of diameter and dependent variable of height was 0.65 in alder and 0.42 in willow. The results showed that the regression relationship between diameter and height in alder was better than willow species. According to the results of variance analysis, the blocks and treatments did not have a statistically significant difference. The wood chips treatment created the best situation, and after that, the straw treatment and finally the control treatment (bare soil) had a more unfavorable situation than the other treatments. Finally, alder had more favorable conditions for adaptation to the applied bioengineering conditions of the present study vs. willow.

The lack of allocation of sufficient funds after the implementation of the forest rest law, the restoration and maintenance of forest roads has disrupted the forestry projects and caused them to deteriorate. The purpose of this study is to predict forest road deterioration during the 10-year period of implementation of forest rest law using hidden Markov chain model and evaluate its effect on the cost of road repair and maintenance. In this research, along the 11.6 km forest road network series 3 of Aghuzchal (Nowshahr) in the educational-research forest of Tarbiat Modares University, according to the road condition information using PCI and FRPCI pavement indicators in a consecutive period of 3 years (2016-2019) the investigation and road deterioration process was predicted by the hidden Markov chain model in a 10-year period. The results showed that the process of deterioration of the road from excellent to good is much faster than the process of its changes from medium to poor. The highest percentage of road sections are broken and the lowest number are sections in excellent condition. It is predicted that due to the implementation of the breathing plan and the lack of budget allocation during a 10-year period, the road will go down a steep slope to complete deterioration. The results emphasize the need to accelerate the allocation of funds for the repair and maintenance of the existing road, and the Markov chain performance prediction model with an RMSE error of 0.01 has the necessary capabilities to accurately predict the actual road deterioration process. The use of other prediction and evaluation models in more time periods will bring more accurate results.

Forests as a renewable resource play an important role in the economic and social activities of the society. In the principled exploitation of the forests of northern Iran, the existence of a suitable road network along with skid trails the most fundamental role. Skid trails in the forest are one of the most difficult and costly operations. The purpose of this study is to design the proposed Skid Trails Planning in the forest using AHP and GIS for various operations.

For this purpose, the parcels 18 and 19 of district 4, part 2 of Neka Zalemarud with an area measuring 97 hectares have been selected. According to effective factors in skid trail planning such as slope, soil, geology, stand per hectare, streams, aspect, forest type, elite trees, and altitude, we have attempted to design a questionnaire and filled by some experts. These factors were weighted in Export Choice (EC) software via the pair-wise method. Finally, the status of the designed skid road and the existing skid road were compared. Then, on the map, the ability to pass lands in Arc view environment was designed using PEEGER software, three options. Finally, the specifications of the proposed routes were compared with the existing route. The Chi-square test was used for statistical comparison between the most appropriate option and the available path.

Analysis of different layers based on the opinion of experts, showed that the longitudinal slope with a relative weight of 0.366 has the highest score, followed by the waterway 0.115 and finally the height above sea level with a relative weight of 0.026 has the lowest score. . The results of evaluating the existing routes and proposed variants on the land passability map showed that the percentage of passing the existing route length over the area with suitable power is less than the proposed variants (22.87) and the percentage of crossing the existing route on the area with Inadequate power is higher than the designed variants (24/99).

The results of the Chi-square test showed that the proposed routes were significantly (at 95% level) better than the existing route in terms of crossing suitable areas (p = 0.0001). Therefore, according to the results, if the percentage of the desired longitudinal slope is reduced; it is suggested to consider a longer route because, in such a long route, the topography cannot be shown precision.

Landslide phenomenon because of the movement of materials on the slope causes the destruction of nature, soil loss and many ecological processes in the region. A variety of additives and modifiers are used to conserve water and soil in the world, among which, bioengineering methods due to environmental and economic issues in forest engineering have received much attention, by using them, plant species regrowth and increase the diversity of vegetation occurs.

In this study, the diversity of grass cover in the stabilized landslide area of ​​the forest road embankment in section 5 of series 3 of the Surdar-Watashan Forestry Project was investigated. For this purpose, a slippery area stabilized with alder and willow species by hand due to natural presence in similar erosion areas and easy establishment after five years of bioengineering (planting seedlings with straw mulch and wood chips) was selected. The experimental design was selected in completely randomized blocks under 3 experimental treatments of uncovered soil (control), mulch and straw treatment and wood treatment at a surface of about 72 square meters. Vegetation diversity status in 27 designed plots was assessed after five years of bioengineering. PAST and SPSS software were used to calculate biodiversity indices and statistical analyzes.

The mean of Simpson diversity index was 0.8, Shannon-Wiener diversity was 2.29, Margalef richness was 1.28, Manhenic was 0.79, Pilo uniformity was 3.2 and Sheldon uniformity was 1.8, which indicates a significant difference between the means. Simpson, Shannon-Wiener, Pilo, Sheldon, Manhenic, and Margalef are established in the area.

Therefore, research on stabilized and unstabilized landslide areas helps a lot to identify the species settled in these areas and can be used in similar landslide areas of these species for biological stabilization of road embankment walls of the forest road.

Roads and other linear structures are the most important examples of human activities, and it can be mentioned that they have the most critical environmental effects on the natural habitats and ecosystems of the world. One of the most obvious of these adverse effects is environmental pollution, which has received more attention in the last three decades.The purpose of this study was to investigate the sound level of a heavy vehicle engine with a high engine volume in two different longitudinal slopes of a forest road and to identify the type of relationship between decreasing sound intensity and increasing distance from the road.

In order to measure the sound intensity, eight stations were used as acoustic measurement points along 20 km of the main one-way forest road of Teaching and Research Forest from Tehran University ,with low (2-5%) and high (8-11%) longitudinal slopes and Zero (roadside), 25 meters, 50 meters, 75 meters, 100 meters distances into the mass and downstream of the road and the axis of the road (closest situation to the car engine) were selected.The average sound level emitted from the Benztruck was 2624. This research was performed by the SL-4023SD digital audiometer with an accuracy of 1.5 dB and a resolution of 0.1 dB. The factors such as ,mean car sound level for a vehicle with constant engine volume, longitudinal slope in two levels, distance from the road in five levels were measured and analysis of variance was performed by GLM procedure whith using SPSS software.

In stations with longitudinal slope of the lower class by 58.7% and in stations with longitudinal slope of the upper class by 56.6%, a decrease in sound intensity was observed compared to the roadside. In all stations, the greatest decrease in sound intensity was recorded at distances of 0-25 meters from the roadside. In general, the type of relationship between decreasing sound intensity with increasing distance in longitudinal slope stations of the lower and upper class is logarithmic.

According to the results, it can be seen that the longitudinal slope of the road did not have much effect on the intensity of sound emitted from the road. In this study, all variables, both independently and dependently, significantly affected sound penetration. The results of this study showed that the sound intensity decreased by moving away from the sound source. Careful design of road technical specifications such as longitudinal slope, maintenance of road pavement, the presence of vegetations on the roadside and prevent its destruction, maintaining and restoring the density of trees in the roadside mass, combined planting of broadleaf and coniferous species can be Somewhat reduce the intensity of sound emitted from the road.

Dust is occurred when a vehicle passes from the dry surface of unpaved roads. Dust particles can affects negatively on plant growth, water quality and road life. In this study the effects of some environmental friendly anti-dust agents including different dosage of sugarcane molasses, polyacrylamide and bentonite were investigated on road dust control. Research was done in 3, 9, 27 and 81-dat time frame.

Rear-mounted solution spray system equipped with 8 nozzles was used for implementation of treatments in rate of 2-2.5 l m-2 in three sites in forests of Golestan provinces including Loveh, Kouhmian and Shastkalateh. Besides, dust sucker instrument was applied to collect dust particles. Data were collected when a vehicle is passed with speed of 40 km h-1. Moreover, soil samples were collected from the margin of forest roads to measure the changes in soil Na, K, Ca and Mg due to washing.

Results showed that dust of forest roads decrease with increasing the anti-dust agent concentration and increased with time. In Loveh forest roads, polyacrylamide with concentration of 6% and sugarcane molasses with concentration of 20% were the most appropriate treatments. Bentonite was unsuitable due to the high amount of fines in surfacing materials. In Kouhmian forest roads, polyacrylamide with concentration of 4% and sugarcane molasses with concentration of 20% and in Shastkalateh forest roads, polyacrylamide with concentration of 2% was the most appropriate treatments. Bentonite increased the Mg and pH and Molasses increased the K and decreased the pH of soil at margin of forest roads. In other cases, there wasn’t a significant effect from the treatments on chemical properties of soil at margin of road. In Kouhmian forest roads, polyacrylamide with concentration of 4% and sugarcane molasses with concentration of 20% and in Shastkalateh forest roads, polyacrylamide with concentration of 2% was the most appropriate treatments. Bentonite increased the Mg and pH and Molasses increased the K and decreased the pH of soil at margin of forest roads. In other cases, there wasn’t a significant effect from the treatments on chemical properties of soil at margin of road.

Base on findings, sugarcane molasses in roads with high fine particles was most efficient, but in roads with low fine particles polyacrylamide was most efficient. These additive materials hadn’t significant effects on adjacent soil chemicals due to their low amount.Base on findings, sugarcane molasses in roads with high fine particles was most efficient, but in roads with low fine particles polyacrylamide was most efficient. These additive materials hadn’t significant effects on adjacent soil chemicals due to their low amount.

The Landslide is one of the natural hazards that causes a lot of mortal and financial losses in high-altitude and seismic mountainous areas annually. Considering the importance of roads as a pillar of sustainable forest management in this study, we have tried to estimate the sensitivity of landslide occurrence in 8 forestry series with using frequency ratio approach. Initially, the slip position in the series occurred with ground scrolling by GPS, then the effective factors in the occurrence of landslides were determined for the study area. Raster maps of the effective factors were prepared and classified. Considering the distribution of landslides recorded in the field and the categories of effective factors, the frequency ratio for each class of each factor was calculated and their relationship with the occurrence of landslide was investigated. The results of the relationship between positioning and slipping showed that the highest amount of landslides occurred on the lower side of the road, and by increasing the age of the roads, the amount of landslides is reduced. The relationship between soil and slip occurred on the class with the code 2.2.3, which represents the soil texture of loamy, loamy clay and clay that the highest number of slides was observed. Elevation class 300 to 600 meter has the highest number of landslides. The relationship between the slope and slip showed that with increasing the slope up to 40%, the number of landslides was increased, but then the trend was decreasing. The relationship between geological and landslide showed that the highest number of landslides was observed in the class with L-PLL2 ​​code representing relatively high peaks with moderate slope, average soil depth, stability and permeability. The relationship between rainfall and landslide factors showed that the greatest slip is occurring between 600 and 800 mm. In the northern, northeastern and northwest directions, the highest slip occurred. The evaluation results of the model with the ROC method indicated that the area under curve (AUC) was 0.688 (68.8%).

  Erosion is a geomorphologic and natural process that is always seen across the world, but this process is triggered by human activities, such as road construction, resulting in a significant negative impact on water resources, soil, environment and national economy. According to the above, preventing soil erosion is an important target in the management and conservation of natural resources. Basic measures to reduce road environmental damage begin at the design stage. There are, however, erosion-sensitive areas in the embankment slopes that are created in various dimensions and in different ways during use of the road. Areas with mild slopes and low area, over the time, are naturally stabilized and restored, but larger or sloping mountainous areas, are stabilized and rebuilt or, despite the passage of time, not only stable, but also increasing the extent of destruction levels. Geotextiles are additives and permeability that are used in conjunction with soil, rock, or any materials associated with geotechnical engineering as a supplement, which modifies and sustains the soil structure. Geotextiles are divided into two groups of the original structure and the original disorganized structure in a general classification. They are made of synthetic fibers (polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyamide) or natural fibers (hemp, coconut fiber, chips, rice straw and grains, palm leaves) in different designs in terms of size and shape and according to their functions and needs. In this study, the effectiveness of protective treatment, including two types of uncontrolled natural straw geotextile and rice straw and wood chips on the establishment and emergence of two species of woody and native forests including alder forests and forest canola (jaw), as well as soil erosion In the ridge of the forest road was carried out.
2- After preparing the ground, two experimental treatments including straw and chips of rice, wood chips (due to abundance, low cost and easy accessibility), along with the planting of one-year-old seedlings of two species of forest species of  Ader and forest witch (due to natural presence in Similar areas of erosion, indigenousness, easy establishment, rapid growth, abundant  rootstock, and low airy zipper (Tuttle et al., 1992) in three completely randomized blocks, and similarly, at a surface of about 72 square meters (12 × 6 m 2) ) used. Each block was divided from the margin of the road down the slope and in the direction of the slope into three rows (repeating) and each row in the direction of the alignment lines to three plots of 8 square meters (4 × 2 m 2). Therefore, each block was consisted of 9 sub plots of 8 square meters that were planted in each row (replicate) in a subset of Alder and the next plot of willow forest with density of one seedling per square meter. The remaining Crete had no seedlings in each row. The method of planting and planting seedlings in plots was based on species type and random systematic. Therefore, in each block, three plots were used for the alder species, three plots for forest beet and three plots without seedlings and no cover (control) and the plot was split plot. All of the plots in each block were enclosed around the plots in order to prevent the penetration of water and the spillage of rain fed particles into adjacent plots. Runoff and precipitations from the rain after passing through the outlet were transferred to a runoff tube (120 liters). All blocks and plots were completely identical and the blocks were separated by type of treatment and plots according to the type of planted species.3- The results of field studies showed that the control treatment had the highest runoff and sediment mass in comparison with the protective treatments, followed by straw and chalk and the lowest amount of runoff and sediment volume was related to woodchip treatment. In general, the difference between protective and control treatments was significant. In other words, protective treatments had significant effects on decreasing runoff and sediment mass (soil loss) (P ≤ 0.05). There is no significant difference between protective treatments, but the particle has the highest effect. The average of total runoff for control, straw, and shredded and woodchip plots was 6.99, 6.36 and 3.21, respectively. The mean amount of sediment mass for the control plots, straw and chips and wood chips. The ordering was equal to 5.35, 2.71, and 1.71 g. Straw, chop and chipped wood reduced the concentration of sediment (inflorescence) (P ≤ 0.01). In the meantime, the straw had the greatest impact. The mean concentration of sediment for control plots, chips and straw and chaff were 1.55, 1.37 and 1.18 g / liter, respectively. The results of soil moisture content in experimental plots during the measured period and in relation to rainfall intensity showed that soil moisture changes were similar for all treatments, but the observed difference was observed in their absolute value. Soil moisture content at 2 cm depth of soil in straw, wood chips and control plots was 11.49%, 10.68% and 9.4%, respectively. In other words, protective treatments have a significant effect on soil moisture increase. The depth was 2 cm (0.01 P ≤). The results showed that the effect of experimental treatments on grass cover of plots was significant (P ≤ 0.01) and reduced the percentage of grass covering. The average percentage of grass covering for trees, chips and straw was 48%, 37% and 36%, respectively.
4- Discussion & The reason behind the reduction of soil loss in protective plots compared to the controlling can be attributed to the fact that the use of straw and chips of rice and shrubs that cover the surface of the plots prevents the direct collisions of rain drops with the soil area of ​​the plots and the amount of roughness Thus increasing the surface, thereby reducing the energy and rainfall erosion power. Compared to protective treatments, wood chips due to wooden texture and hard fibers which blocked the flow of water and caused more water penetration in the soil and had the greatest effect on reducing the volume of runoff and sediment yield. Similar to the results in western India, hard and rough coconut fibers were able to reduce the erosion rate by 99.63% over the projected period (before the season or season of Monsoon) and 95% after the Monsoon period of 57%. The reason for this reduction is due to the presence of a protective layer that absorbs the effect of the energy of the movement generated by the rain drops and thus prevents erosion. In the semi-arid region of the north, the coffin mat and the polyester mattress reduced the average sediment content by 99/4 and 98 / 4% and the polyester network by 5 / 5 %, respectively. Although straw, chips and wood chips compared to control (bare soil), because of their ability to maintain water, soil moisture and reduce soil loss, the growth of the diameter of the collar was 39/84% and 31/92 %. The height of the seedlings increased by 4/51% and 2/92, but their effect was not significant. Increasing water and food storage capacity in the soil can improve the growth and growth of the seedlings, as well as the proper development of its root surface. As a result, in dry months of the year (two months a year) the plants keep the drought stress. This is particularly important in the reconstruction of the slope. Straw and Chicha had the highest effect among treatments due to their ability to maintain water and maintain soil moisture. The mean of collar diameter and height increment of Alnus glutinosa was significantly higher than Salix alba. In general, results of this study showed that the use of natural geotextiles had significant effects (P ≤ 0.05) on reducing runoff and sediment. Therefore, on erosion areas and steep slopes, using these bio-engineering methods could help seedling establishment and soil erosion reduction.

Landslides caused many ecological processes at landscape to local scales, including the ecological succession processes. The landslides geological characteristics and their management as physical risks are truly documented but the ecological processes that are caused by landslides and their relations to efforts to restore stability to unstable slopes, have not been well studied. In this study, soil mechanical, physical and chemical properties and herbaceous biodiversity of stabilized sliding area in Kheyrud Forest were compared to adjacent non-slide area. To study the properties of soil and herbaceous biodiversity in two areas were used 2×2 m plots. Past software was used to calculate biodiversity indexes and independent t-test in spss was used in order to compare biodiversity indexed and soil. No significant difference was found between soil chemical characteristics and herbaceous diversity in two areas. Results of soil mechanical properties showed that soil of the areas is fine-grained and clay loam (CL). Results generally showed that stabilized sliding area has returned to the original state before the landslide in terms of soil mechanical, physical and chemical properties after about two decades. It seems that in such areas it can be expected that the conditions of biodiversity of the grass are meaningless, and finally, by closing or redirecting the marginal slopes, some soil characteristics can be restored to the proper condition.

The main purpose of natural resources management is protecting the biological variety and continuance of regeneration in the natural ecosystems. Natural regeneration is one of the most important factors in the survival and resistance of natural forests.
This study investigates the effects of forest roads on the changes of natural regeneration variety of wooden species from edges of forest roads towards their inner parts in three areas and two different paved and un-paved roads. Randomly, the similar conditions were identified according to topography, slope and direction. On the two sides of road, 2m×2m microplots were used for measuring differences and plants structures.
This study indicates that characters of different climates do not have significant difference in the up and down of road and in these three ereas. The only effective factor is condition which decreases when distance from road increases. Some light demanding spices, such as Quercus castaneifolia C.A.M.Browics Alnus subcordata (L), Gaertn & Menitsky and Diospyros lotus L., grow at the side of the roads.
Generally, the rate of regeneration diversity and richness were higher at the sides of paved roads than at sides of un-paved roads.

The effect of forest roads on the extent and type of fire damage occurred in forests and rangelands of the Neka County in Mazandaran province was investigated. For this purpose, all fire spots, stand number, percentage and type of injury and damage to tree species, and average diameter at breast height (DBH) were noted with 100% inventory; area and geographic location of access roads were determined using GPS. The results showed that distance from the main access road had a significant correlation with the area of ​​fire spots, but no significant correlation existed between the distance from the strip roads, skid ways, town of Neka and the area of ​​fire spots. The factors influencing fire severity were analyzed using the stepwise regression model. Model also showed that just the distance from the main access road affected the area of ​​fire spots. For every one meter increase in the distance from the main access roads, the area of fire spot was increased by 1.545 m2. Further, the extent of fire can be controlled by reducing the distance from the main access roads.

Mass movement has effective role on destruction of roads، pastoral and residential areas and crating the erosion and sediment in watersheds. Many factors are associated with landslide، and study of landslide is differing based on scope and viewpoint. In this study، physical and mechanical properties of 24 sample soil were determined in homogenous units around the forest roads and soil analysis was done in soil laboratory. Results showed that this area is susceptible for landslide and occurrences the hazard increase in northern slopes and soft particles and increase the soil moisture content. Most samples had moderate liquid and plastic index، that increase the water in these soils led to increase the landslide occurrences. Our findings revealed that for road construction and each structure، special attention to physical and mechanical soil properties are necessity، and for each civil action، safety and controller precaution such as drainage and soil stabilization are essential for susceptible areas to mass movement.

Forest roads are constructed at the mountainous area create many hazards in unstable nature for example، landslide. In this study we survey the rate of soil displacement and evaluated in two pathways of first district of CHAFROOD watershed (parcels 105 and 107). First we survey sliding area beside the road then sample some places. Some points are taken in the places and leveling them. Leveling was done in three periods after seasonal rainfall. The rate of landslide was studied based on soil type and technical characteristics of the roads. The most amount of landslide in parcels 105 and 107 were determined 144cm and 236 cm respectively، during nine months. Cut slope and fill slope lead to cutting the runoff paths and flowing it on the road surface then make unstable roadside.