فهرست مطالب seyed hossein mohaqeqi kamal

Responsiveness is a main component of the health system which is related to the social characteristics of the society. The aim of this study was to evaluate the responsiveness of the health system in the slum areas of Ahvaz.

In this cross-sectional study, 385 residents of the marginal areas of Ahvaz city were selected by multi-stage sampling method Data were collected using Socio demographic-checklist and WHO responsiveness questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS V22 applying descriptive statistics tests, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA and t-test. 

The age range of the participants was 18 to 97 years with an average of (42.84±16.56). Women constituted 66% of the research population. 76% were married, 26% were illiterate and 4.4% had university education. 85.7 percent of participants under 5 million people. 66.2% used government service providers. 80% had health insurance and 15.1%  had supplementary insurance. Performance of in-patient services was better than outpatient services in terms of responsiveness. Aspect “Choice” received low score for outpatient and inpatient services. Almost 13% of respondents perceived some sort of discrimination while receiving inpatient service. Responsiveness of the participants in this study was significant relationship in all aspects with the type of service provider (charity/private/government), in the aspect of communication with the type of service provision (outpatient/inpatient), in the aspect of informed choice and confidentiality with the having supplementary insurance.  

Paying attention to the quality of facilities, access to social support and choice is suggested as a criterion with points for planning for change in order to improve the responsiveness of the health system in marginalized areas.

Risky behaviors and the tendency towards them among adolescents is one of the important menaces to the health of any society. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating  hostility  and  its  relationship with  the  tendency  to  risky  behaviors  among  the students of Malekan city in 2020.

The present research is a correlational study. The statistical population includes all male and female first and second grade high school students in Malekan city, which includes a total of 9,500 students. The sample size was 640 students who were selected from among the first and second grade high school students in Malekan city as a quota. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation test and multiple linear regression.

The results showed that there is a statistically significant and inverse relationship between  grandchild /grandparent  relationship  and  tendency  towards  high-risk  behaviors  among students.  Besides, there  is  a  statistically  significant  and  inverse  relationship  between  socio-economic status and the tendency towards high-risk behaviors among students. however, at the middle and high socio-economic level there is no statistically significant relationship between grandchild / grandparent relationship and tendency towards high-risk behaviors.

Given the significant tendency of adolescents towards high-risk behavior and its positive relationship with the socio-economic level of the society it is necessary for the government to monitor and pay attention to the improvement of the socio-economic level of teenagers’ families, as well as the state of unfriendliness and family cohesion.

Inequalities in health and health care have drawn considerable attention in social determinants of health literature. This study aims to calculate the inequality of out-of-pocket health payments (OPHP) for Iranian households during the period 1984 to 2019 and provide decomposed inequality for households with different socioeconomic status.

This longitudinal study utilized the Iranian Statistics Centre data on Iranian household income and expenditures survey. The analysis includes a total of 995,300 households during a 36-year period from 1984 to 2019. The Theil index and the mean logarithmic deviation were used to decompose inequality into within-group and between-group for OPHP among Iranian households.

The findings indicate that the mean of the Theil index for the households covered by insurance is 1.44 (SD ± 0.34), while the index was 1.35 (SD ± 0.31) for households without insurance coverage. The mean of the Theil index for rural and urban households was 1.29 (SD ± 0.29) and 1.43 (SD ± 0.33), respectively. Regardless of the fluctuations, the trends of between- group and within group inequalities in OPHP were almost similar until 2011, but they followed a different path since then.

Households living in cities, households with insurance coverage, and households in high income levels have experienced more inequality in OPHP than other households. This study provides a novel interpretation of inequality in health care expenditures and provides a long-term time series data to assess the effectiveness of implemented policies in health care system.

 Despite the growing population of the elderly in Iran, there is no clear picture of the prevalence of chronic diseases among them. Accordingly, the present study tries to specify the prevalence of the most important chronic diseases and multimorbidity among the elderly. In addition, the homogeneity of these diseases has been considered among different socio-economic groups.

Research data were obtained through a checklist of chronic disease status among the elderly. The sample was selected from the elderly over 60 years old in Tehran in 2019 through multi-stage sampling. The sample size of the study is 1280 persons and the prevalence rate and chi-square tests were used to describe and analyze the data.

The results showed that hypertension (40.2%), musculoskeletal disorders (40.2%) and hyperlipidemia (32.4%) had the highest prevalence rate among the elderly in Tehran. The prevalence rate of chronic disease multimorbidity was 79.8, which was lower among men, never married, college-educated, and working-age seniors. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and ear diseases have also been found to have different prevalence rates among socioeconomic classes.

The prevalence of chronic diseases has varied widely among socioeconomic groups; so the importance of the socio-economic status must be accentuated. Therefore, the pattern of prevalence of some chronic diseases can be influenced by lifestyle. As a result, research and policy-making in this field should be based on the inequalities in socio-economic status.

World Health Organization has proposed age-friendly cities as an urban development approach. Likewise, the spatial distribution of urban facilities can be considered an important issue among urban planners.

In 2019, a sample of 770 elderly people was selected by the multi-stage sampling method. Data collection was accomplished using a standard questionnaire of the World Health Organization. Spatial inequalities of age-friendly indicators were calculated according to the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) using version 22 of SPSS software.

The results showed that the city of Tehran has an average score of 2.07 out of a maximum score of 4 in the index of the age-friendly city. The “outdoor spaces and buildings” (2.33) and the “housing” (1.31) sub-indexes had the highest and lowest average among the components of an elderly-friendly city, respectively. According to the TOPSIS, Lavizan district (score 2.13) and Mehrabad district (score 1.90) was ranked as the best and worst elderly-friendly district from the elderly point of view, respectively.

Spatial inequality in the indicators of age-friendly is evidently intimidating the quality of older adults’ life. Therefore, it is necessary to pay close attention to the spatial distribution of urban features compatible with later life, especially in the southern areas of Tehran.

Health service utilization (HSU) is a significant health and political issue. Awareness of factors that affect HSU and the status of health service utilization can help health professionals improve their services. The aim of this study was to investigate the status of HSU and identify the factors affecting health service utilization among households residing in Tehran.

The present cross-sectional study included 1200 residing households from different regions of Tehran, the capital of Iran. They were selected by a multi-stage cluster sampling method in accordance with the zoning of Tehran concerning socio-economic development. Interviews were conducted by trained individuals using a health service utilization questionnaire introduced by the World Health Organization, Zimet’s social support questionnaire, and demographic checklist during winter 2018 and spring 2019. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were applied to analyze the data. In order to include the factors related to the status of outpatient health service utilization, a set of bivariate analyses was conducted, and then the factors with a p-value of ≤0.20 were included in the multiple models. Data were analyzed using Stata 12 software.

The results of the study indicated that the rate of outpatient HSU among households residing in Tehran was 63.61% (CI:60, 66.80). In addition, regarding the results of the study, asset index of family (OR=0.51, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.91), the level of awareness and knowledge of family members regarding health issues (OR=0.55, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.88) as well as the mother knowledge  on health issues (OR=0.64 , 95% CI: 0.45, 0.93), the level of social support (OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.37,0.68), family health expenditure (OR=1.20, 95% CI: 1.18, 4.06), having a member with a  sort of disability in family (OR=1.66, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.77), and having an alcoholic member in family (OR=2.44, 95% CI: 1.27, 4.68) were factors associated with outpatient HSU among households. Considering the adjusted values of odds ratios, the prevalence of the HSU varied according to the area of residence. It should be noted that the variables included in the model explained 15% of the changes in the prevalence of HSU.

According to the results of the study and in order to increase HSU in different classes, the level of social support, especially among women in the family due to their role in the general health of family members, should be enhanced. Also, policies should be adopted to increase the awareness, knowledge, and information of family members about health issues, lifestyle changes, nutrition, and health behaviors through social media.

Increasing care needs for the elderly are of concern in different countries, especially in countries where their population is aging. It is important to understand the factors that influence the use of health services in the elderly for health policy making in identifying potential problems and developing appropriate interventions to improve their utilization and increase access. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the barriers and facilitators of the outpatient health services utilization in the elderly.

In the current systematic review, published English studies from 1996 to 2018 were searched and reviewed electronically from the Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases using PRISMA guidelines and related keywords. After eliminating duplicate and irrelevant articles, the quality of articles was evaluated by two evaluators independently, based on STROBE checklist. Narrative synthesis method was used to combine the data.

Forty-four eligible studies were included in this review and the determinants of health service utilization were categorized into three categories as predisposing (age, gender, marital status, ethnicity), enabling (income, insurance coverage, education level, employment status, social network, social support), and need related factors (having chronic illness, self-assessment status, severity of illness, number of illnesses, having two or more diseases at the same time, physical disability and unhealthy lifestyle). Findings showed that over age 80, ethnic minority, unemployed and retired, low level of education, small and limited social network, disability were identified as barriers to accessing health services, and being female, married, having insurance, social support, having a companion, spouse or child, high income levels, shorter distances to the health care center were identified as facilitators of outpatient health services utilization in the elderly.

This systematic review revealed that a set of factors is consistently associated with health services utilization in the elderly. The present study identified the factors affecting the utilization of elderly health services in the framework of Anderson Health Services Behavioral Model. Overall, evidence has shown that single, male, over 80s, educated and low income, unemployed or retired people with chronic illness should be high on the health policy priorities of the elderly to prevent the burden of health services resulting from diseases.

The present review focuses on identifying factors contributing to health service utilization (HSU) among the general adult population according to Anderson’s behavioral model.

Published articles in English on factors related to HSU were identified by systematically probing the Web of Science, MEDLINE (via PubMed research engine), and Scopus databases between January 2008 and July 2018, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The search terms related to HSU were combined with terms for determinants by Boolean operators AND and OR. The database search yielded 2530 papers. Furthermore, we could find 13 additional studies following a manual search we carried out on the relevant reference lists.

Thirty-seven eligible studies were included in this review, and the determinants of HSU were categorized as predisposing, enabling, and need factors according to Andersen’s model of HSU. The results demonstrated that all predisposing, enabling, and need factors influence HSU. In most studies, the female gender, being married, older age, and being unemployed were positively correlated with increased HSU. However, evidence was found regarding the associations between education levels, regions of residence, and HSU. Several studies reported that a higher education level was related to HSU. Higher incomes and being insured, also, significantly increased the likelihood of HSU.

This review has identified the importance of predisposing, enabling, and need factors, which influence outpatient HSU. The prediction of prospective demands is a major component of planning in health services since, through this measure, we make sure that the existing resources are provided in the most efficient and effective way.

Food insecurity is a major public health problem, especially among older adults living in developing countries. The present study aimed at examining the prevalence, and risk and protective factors for severe food insecurity among elderly in Tehran, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, 384 elderly people aged 60 years and older were selected from five different socioeconomic zones in Tehran, 2019, using multi-stage sampling. Food security status was assessed by the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). Data were analyzed using simple and multiple logistic regression models in SPSS.

Among the people investigated, 37.8% were completely food secure, 24.1% were found with mild food insecurity, 22.7% reported moderate food insecurity, and 15.2% were severely food insecure. Low levels of physical activity (OR=8.7, CI 95%: 2.96-25.57), low educational levels (OR=6.15, CI 95%: 1.54-24.64), low monthly income (OR=5.63, CI 95%: 2.71-11.67), low levels of social capital (OR=3.13, CI 95%: 1.09-9.03), having oral and dental diseases (OR=2.51, CI 95%: 1.02-6.17), and male gender (OR=1.92, CI 95%: 0.89-4.11) were the risk factors, while having more children (OR=0.26, CI 95%: 0.04-1.36) was the protective factor for severe food insecurity in elderly. The predictors entered into the model could explain between 44.2% and 60.3% of the variance of the outcome.

Only one-third of the elderly were adequately food secure. Current findings could be beneficial in designing and implementing early interventions to provide food security for the elderly.

Alcohol use is one of the most complicated health problems. The understanding of risk and protective factors contributing to alcohol use could help deal with this problem more efficiently.

The present study examined the risk and protective factors for alcohol use among homeless men living in Tehran, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2015. A total of 193 homeless men were recruited using convenience sampling from Khavaran Shelter, the largest shelter for homeless people, in the south of Tehran. Data were analyzed using a logistic regression model to examine if using alcohol is associated with potential risk and protective factors. Conducting logistic regression, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) point estimate and 95% confidence interval (CI 95%) as the effect measures were reported. All tests were run using SPSS version 21.

The prevalence rates of recent (past 7 days) and past-year alcohol use were 14.5% (95% CI: 9.50, 19.50) and 43.52% (95% CI: 36.50, 50.50), respectively. Hosmer-Lemeshow test (χ 2 (4) = 10.37, P = 0.17) indicated the goodness of fit of the model to the data. The results of the fitted logistic regression model explained that social support (OR = 0.63, CI 95%: 0.36-1.08) and being a local resident (OR = 0.32, CI 95%: 0.17 - 0.61) were the protective factors while the level of relationship with peer network (OR = 2.08, CI 95%: 1.19 - 3.63) and having a history of arrest (OR = 3.16, CI 95%: 1.34 - 7.46) were risk factors of alcohol use among Iranian homeless men during the last year. The predictors entered into the regression model could explain between 13% and 17.5% of the variance of the outcome (alcohol use).

This study contributes to the existing literature by examining risk and protective factors among a high-risk population. Our findings can be used in designing and implementing interventions that are more effective for the homeless group living in a non-Western context.

Considering the importance of assessing living standards in society, the present study aimed to design a living standards questionnaire. We also assessed the validity and reliability of the developed questionnaire in the Iranian elderly population. This was a methodological study. Initially, by reviewing the relevant theoretical and empirical bases like questionnaires in English, 45 questions were selected for developing living standards questionnaire. Then, the content and face validity of the questionnaire were evaluated using the comments of 10 university experts. Moreover, its structural validity (factor analysis by varimax rotation) was investigated. After determining the validity of the scale, the questionnaire was completed by 150 elderly people aged ≥60 years. The internal consistency reliability of it was investigated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and split-half reliability. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS.  The Mean±SD age of samples was 63.74±2.99 years. The content validity of the questionnaire was equal to 0.85. In the structural validity assessment, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was obtained as 0.853, and three factors (living facility, housing situation, and household expenditures) together explained 56.8% of the total variances. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was equal to 0.859 for the total scale and the Gutmann split-half coefficient was calculated as 0.859.  The obtained results revealed that the living standards questionnaire was a valid and reliable scale in Tehran's elderly population.

 Nowadays, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) provides a potential opportunity for communities by changing the concept of distance. Despite the development of communication and information tools and their widespread use, the statistics indicate a digital gap and very low use of these tools by the Iranian elderly. This study aimed to investigate the status of acceptance of ICT and its related factors by elderly people living in Tehran City, Iran.  The cross-sectional study was conducted in summer 2018. A sample of 330 elderly people living in Tehran was selected by multistage sampling method. All obtained data were analyzed by the Shapiro-Wilk test, point biserial correlation test, the Spearman correlation test, and the Pearson correlation test in SPSS 21.   Most participants belonged to the age range of 60 to 70 years (61%), were men (67%), married (85.5%), and had a diploma or lower education (72.5%). The results show that the most popular ICT among the elderly were watching TV, talking on the phone, and readings news, while sending and receiving emails was the least popular one. The Mean±SD technology acceptance score among the elderly was 3.15±0.75 which was above its theoretical average (score 3). The most important barriers of older people to accept ICT was "lack of interest", "feeling no need", and "lack of familiarity with the ICT tools". Acceptance of technology has been strongly associated with education (r=0.325, P<0.001), age (r=0.236, P<0.001), and available time to use ICT tools (r=0.528, P<0.001). In addition, the acceptance of technology has not been significantly correlated with the general health status of the elderly and their economic situation.  The technology acceptance status of older people in Tehran was higher than average and the intention to use ICT tools was significant among them. But the difficulty in using some of these tools has been one of the most important limitations in adopting ICT technologies. Additionally, the adoption of technology among the elderly is not influenced by their economic situation or the health status, and therefore all groups of the elderly can be considered target groups to enhance their ability to use ICT tools.

Human well-being is a core global issue. Thus, achieving and sustaining higher levels of well-being is a challenge for citizens, governments, and international organizations worldwide. The present study aimed at describing the well-being status of residents of Tehran municipal districts. To achieve this, a composite well-being index was constructed for 22 municipal districts of Tehran (Tehran Well-being Index; TWI).

This cross sectional study was conducted from May to October 2017 in Tehran using the data collected in the second round of Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool (Urban HEART) Project of Tehran (2012-2013). The statistical population of this study was 22 municipal districts of Tehran and a sample of 34 700 households (118 000 individuals) selected using multistage cluster sampling. TWI was developed through the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) methodology of constructing composite indicators. Then, 22 municipal districts were categorized based on TWI scores. All data were analyzed using SPSS v.18. In addition, a cartogram was applied using GIS software to classify well-being status among Tehran municipal districts.

Factor analysis results showed that the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was 0.691 and 2 factors (material well-being and psychological well-being) explained 74.13% of the total variances. Furthermore, the best and worst performances were found in districts 6 and 17, respectively. District 6 had the best and district 17 the worst material well-being status. Also, districts 6 and 19 had the best and worst psychological well-being status, respectively.

In general, the well-being status of the municipal districts of Tehran can be divided into 5 main categories: (a) prosperous (districts 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6); (b) fairly prosperous (districts 4, 21, and 22); (C) moderately prosperous (districts 7, 8, and 13); (d) less prosperous (9, 10, 11, 14, and 12); and (e) deprived zone (districts 12, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19).

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of social group work interventions with cognitive behavioral approach on social competence in physically disabled adolescents. This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test and control group design. The statistical population included physically disabled adolescents aged 13-18 years who were referred to the Center of Rehabilitation and Vocational Training in Sanandaj City, Iran, to participate in educational programs. To this end, 30 physically disabled adolescents were selected based on inclusion criteria and were divided into 2 matching groups (intervention and control). Social competence questionnaire was completed by both groups at the beginning and at the end of training. The intervention group was trained for 8 weeks in terms of social competence, whereas the control group received no special training. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS. The Chi-square, Independent samples t-test, and Paired t test were used to verify the study assumptions. Comparing the intervention group with the controls before and after training reveled that teaching patients with cognitive behavioral strategies had a significant impact on increasing their social competence (Mean±SD, 181.66±17.88 versus 120.93±10.47; P=0.0001) and its dimensions (cognitive, behavioral, emotional and motivational) of the former group. It seems that one of the efficient methods to increase social competence among physically disabled adolescents is cognitive behavioral therapy within the social group work. Thus, coaches and teachers of this group are recommended to use this method, to increase their social competence and subsequently increasing their presence in public areas.

There is a requisite need to document the health literacy status and its determinants for making recommendations for public health promotions. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of limited health literacy and its associated factors in Iranian studies. Search queries were made in PubMed, SCOPUS, SID, Irandoc, IranMedex, and Magiran from 2000 to 1 April 2016. The quality of the selected studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program checklists. Thirty one original papers were incorporated into the systematic review. We conducted meta-analysis using a random effects model. All analysis was performed using comprehensive meta-analysis [CMA] v.2 statistical software. The thirty one papers reviewed include data on 28,138 subjects, and report a prevalence of low health literacy between 4.8% and 79.9%. Pooled analysis of these data show that the weighted prevalence of low health literacy was 37.01% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 36.97%, 37.04%) and of marginal health, literacy was 30.76% (95% CI: 30.72%, 30.79%). Low educational levels, old age, poor employment situation, and low economic status were the most important determinants of limited health literacy. In the multivariate meta-regression model, the years of the studies were significantly associated with health literacy prevalence rates. Only a third of the population had adequate health literacy and health literacy was poor among vulnerable groups such as the unemployed, older and less educated people. So, considering appropriate strategies for each of these groups could have a significant role in improving community health literacy.

Students are one of the key stakeholders in the higher education system, and the low quality of life or their life satisfaction can be a starting point for deviating from the mission, ideals and strategies for the development of higher education and learning. The aim of this study was to investigate the students’ quality of life, subjective well-being and the relationship between them among students of all educational levels of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences in the academic year of 2016-2017. In the present correlation study, the statistical population included all undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD students in the academic year of 2016-2017. The final sample size was 213 people and the samples were selected by a stratified random sampling method. In order to study the students’ quality of life, the Mehdi’s University Quality of Life tool was used. Golestani Bakhat questionnaire was used to measure the subjective well-being. Data were analyzed using t-test and structural equation modeling in SPSS and AMOS software. Findings: generally, 17.1% of women, 23.1% of men, 23% of undergraduate students, 15.9% of graduate students, and 16.1% of PhD students had a range of satisfaction between high to very high. Also, 19.4% of women, 19.2% of men, 20% of undergraduate students, 19.3% of graduate students, 19.4% of PhD students and 19.6% of the total sample had a range of satisfaction between low to very low. The most satisfaction of the students was first with their friends and then satisfaction with university cultural diversity, satisfaction with the university library, satisfaction with the job prospect Also, the least satisfaction was attributed to the satisfaction dimensions of university communication services, sports facilities, welfare and recreational facilities, university transportation facilities and medical services. According to achieved mean score in each dimension and total score, the mental health status of the total sample (M=180.56), female students (M=180.14) and male students (M=181.42) statistically was higher than criteria score (M=156). In the other words, subjective well-being of the studied sample was at a desirable level. Based on the results of fitted regression model (GFI=0.925, CFI=0.919, RMSEA= 0.082), about 15% of the variation in the students’ quality of life was explained by the dimensions of subjective well-being. The students’ quality of life is a multidimensional construct and its decreasing or increasing is affected by many factors. It is important that students not only should be provided by educational facilitates but also entertainment, cultural, sport and other related facilities are important so that they can drain the added amount of excess energy of education and study through these facilities. This, in addition to removing excess energy and fatigue of students, on the other hand, will stimulate the study and scientific activity of them.

Health literacy is considered as an important element in ability of women’s to engage in health promotion and preventive activities for yourself and their children. Therfore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between health literacy of female-headed households with their children’s quality of life.
In the descriptive cross-sectional study 149 female-headed households covered by State Welfare Organization and Immam Khomeini Relief Foundation in the Nourabad city (Iran) in 2016 were selected by census method. We applied demographic check list, Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA) and Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) for data collection.
The results showed that women health literacy with mean of 43.42 ±17.85 was in poor condition (89.3 percent of them had inadequate and marginal health literacy). Similarly, their children’s quality of life with mean of 65.89±11.27 was in moderate condition. In addition, results showed a positive relationship between health literacy of female and their children’s quality of life (p Women's health literacy was correlated with the physical and mental health of their children. Hence, by developing comprehensive educational programs and simple and understandable educational materials for female-headed households, it is possible to take effective steps to develop health literacy skills and reduce the negative effects of limited health literacy in these families.

Health is an essential component of human rights and the rights are interdependent, indivisible, and correlated. The present study aimed at codifying a multidimensional health index according to multistage index development and describing the status of this index in 22 municipal districts of Tehran.
This study was conducted using the data collected in the second round of Urban HEART Project of Tehran (2012-2013). The sample size was 34 700. To develop a multidimensional health index (MDHI), the nine steps of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) were followed, from codifying theoretical framework to introducing the index.
According to the constructed MDHI, the districts no. 13, 10, 17, 1, 3, 4, and 22 had the best status and the district no. 8 the worst status. With respect to physical health, the districts no. 13, 17, 1, 3, 10, and 18 had the best status and the district no. 8 the worst. Concerning mental health, the districts no. 3, 6, 1, and 10 had the best status and the districts no. 8 and 12 the worst status. With respect to social health, the districts no. 10, 22, and 21 had the best status and the districts no. 6, 7, 12, and 14 the worst status. The analysis of sensitivity indicated that the MDHI was more sensitive towards physical health. Based on the mean, minimum, and maximum scores on each indicator of the questionnaires, the physical, mental, social, and MDHI status of Tehran residents (2012-2013) was high-medium, medium, low-medium, and high-medium, respectively.
The right to health should be widely investigated, as it is a primary principle needed for sustainable development, which can be accomplished when the attitudes of different organizations towards the health construct are multidimensional rather than unidimensional.

Depression is one of the most important and common mood disorders. This study aimed to present a clear picture of the prevalence of depression in studies conducted in Iran. In this systematic review study, all published relevant studies were searched in credible scientific databases using standard key words. Repeated cases and those outside the time span of this study (1996 to 2011) were excluded. Articles were examined in terms of quality, and irrelevant ones were excluded. Eventually, 145 articles were selected for this systematic review. Fifteen different tools had been used in these articles, mostly standard tools such as Beck's and general health questionnaires. Beck's inventory indicated the prevalence of depression as 52.12% in students, 37.22% in the general population, 33.45% during postmenopausal period and 27.62% during pregnancy. General health questionnaire revealed the prevalence of depression as 12.02% in students, 19.46% in general population. For the older adults, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) played an important role. GDS revealed the prevalence of depression in older adults living at home as 57.58%, and in those living in nursing homes 81.85%. Because of its ubiquitous features, Beck's inventory had been used, which showed overall prevalence of depression 42.59%. Considering high prevalence of depression in Iran, greater attention to depression and preventive measures are hugely important.

One of the major achievements of the 21st century is increased longevity. But this phenomenon has caused many concerns. With the arrival of the new millennium, ageing has become a major issue in demographic and social policy. In Iran, according to the 1390 census, 6,159,676 people or 8.2% of the population are aged over 60 years old. On the other hand, the concept of social welfare is often described in terms of satisfying human needs. It can be seen as a mental state; it is happiness or life satisfaction. Social welfare has also defined as a function of health, education, security, freedom, the environment, leisure, housing, and almost all combinations of the above. Evaluation of social welfare is very important so that policy decisions, international comparisons,indicators of poverty, and inequality researches continually refer to assessments of social welfare. Monitoring and evaluation of social policies for the elderly requires a comprehensive, and precise data that consider all aspects of their life. The aim of this study is a comprehensive review of related studies about measures of elderly social welfare and strives to provide a multi-dimensional index in the field of social welfare of the elderly.
This study is a descriptive study based on review study. Papers that examined social welfare measures and indexes with regard to elderly were identified through online literature research both in English and Persian database. Quantitative studies were searched and downloaded from Medline (pub med), SID (Scientific Information Database, www.sid.ir), Iran doc (Iranian Research Institute for information Science and Technology, Irandoc.ac.ir), Iranmedex (www.iranmedex.com), Magiran (www.magiran.com) and Iranpsych (Iranian Databases on Mental Health, Psychiatric and Psychological Research, http://iranpsych.tums.ac.ir). The electronic search was performed with no specification of language including articles from 1990 to 1 June 2015. The keywords included Elderly, Old, Older, Aging, Well-being, Welfare, Index, Indicator and Iran. In this case, Boolean operators were used for combined search for the key words. After the initial search in data bases 326 articles were found. At each step of reviewing abstracts the articles that were irrelevant and repetitive removed. 34 studies related to social welfare index in elderly were included in the final review, which was related to the purpose of the study. Then the selected studies reviewed by two reviewers and were extracted dimensions, domains and indicators of social welfare in elderly people.
Findings: Reviewing the studies indicate that Iranian studies emphases on mental and psychological aspects of social welfare such as happiness, life satisfaction, well-being, mental health, depression, and mood. On the other hand non-Iranian studies emphases on different aspects of social welfare for the elderly such as social, economic, health and life conditions. 10 dimensions were identified in the 34 reviewed papers including: economics, physical, mental and social condition, employment, education, the environment, emotional status, leisure, and access to services, which having various components. Multidimensional approach has not been used in any of the studied papers so large portion of studies have emphasized on mental dimension. Also, the Iranian researches focus on the mental dimension generally, however relatively less research focuses on leisure, spirituality, and access to services. Furthermore, quality of life and health studies has higher frequency in this review.
Paying more attention to the leisure, spirituality and access to services for the elderly are recommended in the future. In addition, the effect of new technologies, which ease the daily activities of elderly people, on social welfare should be considered in the future studies. We conclude that multidimensional and comprehensive index is potentially very useful for elderly policy and recommend researcher to improve them further. It is expected that the initial research, created the new areas for deeper investigation of this issue and provided field for Meta-analysis of studies related to this area. In general, the use of a composite index of social welfare of the elderly, due to the diverse and more dimension of elder people life, can give a broader and more comprehensive approach for analyzing social welfare issues in elder people.

Background and Violence against children is one of the most important social and public health problems that affect people in different age, racial, cultural and religious groups. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the prevalence of violence against children in provinces of Iran. This ecological study used the cluster analysis of data from Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in 2010 among 31 provinces of Iran. After integration of indicators of violence against children, the highest and lowest mean values of indices in all provinces were verbal punishment (76.99) and corporal punishment (13.12), respectively. In cluster analysis five clusters were formed in which the worst was seen in Golestan province (cluster 2) and the best were observed in Guilan, South Khorasan, Yazd, Ilam, Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, Semnan, Hormozgan, Khoozestan, Alborz, and North Khorasan (cluster 1). According to the results of ANOVA, four indicators of violence against children including inadequate care, exposure to smoking, child labor and believe in disciplinary action against children showed significant differences, but no significant difference was found between corporal punishment and verbal punishment. This study showed that the overall rate of violence against children was high and a wide variety of violence is seen against Iranian children.

Depression is the most common mood and psychiatric disorder. The aim of this study was to provide a clear picture of the prevalence، risk factors and interventions of depression in Iranian elderly. Methods&Materials: This study is a systematic review. Statistic population included Farsi and English studies with various aspects of depression in elderly. Keywords «Depression، Dysthymia، Melancholia، mood disorder، Iran and elderly» in Medline، SID، Iran doc، Iran medex، Mag iran and Iran psych database were searched. Then، repeated articles and articles outside the study period (1997 to 2011) were excluded. In the first stage of screening، titles and in the second stage، abstracts were reviewed by two experts. Afterwards papers were evaluated qualitatively based on Critical Appraisal Skills Program site.

After searching، screening and qualitative evaluation studies، the final synthesis was performed on 26 articles. Synthesis papers related to aging showed that the prevalence of depressive disorder in elderly residents at home with the back is 95/64% and with the GDS 81/85 percent. The prevalence of depression in the elderly living at home with the GDS was 57/58 percent. The most important factors associated with depression in Iranian studies were، female gender، marring status، living in a nursing home، education level، age and socio - economic status. Also، the most interventions in this age group were respectively psychotherapy، medication and exercise.

The high prevalence of depression in elderly in Iranian studies، the need for further Investigation and intervention، regard to factors associated with depression in this period.