فهرست مطالب seyed mohammad hosseini

This study aimed to optimize the formulation of chitosan-caffeic acid nanogel containing Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora) essential oil (ZEO) and nisin. The independent variables (the concentration of chitosan nanogel, Shirazi-thyme, and nisin) were optimized based on the highest zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency, besides the lowest particle size and IC50(DPPH) values. The results of The Box-Behnken experimental design and Stepwise-response surface model showed the optimal nanogel formulation was as follows: chitosan concentration= 0.4 g; ZEO= 157.1 ppm and nisin= 10.1 ppm. The particle size, zeta-potential, antioxidant activity, and encapsulation efficiency of the optimal chitosan-ZEO-nisin nanogel were 411.39±18.11 nm, 32.90±1.10 mV, 0.79±0.06 mg.mL-1, 71.06-82.69% respectively. Moreover, the addition of optimized nanogel to the Iranian white cheese formulation showed that the treated cheese samples with ZEO and nisin (free or encapsulated in chitosan nanogel) improved the microbial quality of chess. The antimicrobial activity of the ZEO and nisin encapsulated in chitosan-caffeic acid nanogel was higher than a free form of ZEO-nisin. The Coliforms population of cheeses treated with sodium nitrate and chitosan nanogel containing ZEO-nisin was acceptable during 60 days of storage. During the storage period, the most changes in the color and texture (hardness) of the cheese samples were related to the control sample, and the least change was obtained for samples treated with sodium-nitrate and chitosan nanogel (P < 0.05). Also, the sensory quality of the sample containing ZEO and nisin was acceptable for the sensory evaluator. The sample containing chitosan nanogel received an acceptable sensory score (> 3) during 60 days of storage. In general, the potential of the nanogel in increasing the shelf-life of Iranian white cheese was comparable with sodium nitrate.

Of the most important sources for knowing the Companions of Ahl al-Bayt are Rijali Books (Books written on Rijal). Rijal scholars validate narrators and introduce people according to their views and research. It is worth noting that Shia scholars have paid attention to Ashura studies. Tanqih al-Maqal is one of Rijali books that deals with Ashura reports. The mentioned book contains news related to Ashura studies, which has not been considered by researchers. However, examining these reports has many benefits. In practice, the level of accuracy of the narrators of news and the attention of the author of Rijali books makes it clear in this matter. It should be mentioned that there is a lot of information narrated about the people in the Ashura event, the names of the murderers and the victims, the quality of the martyrdom of the people and the incidents after the event of Ashura. Therefore, this article examines the Ashura news of Tanqih al-Maqal and answers this question: How reliable is the Ashura news of this book? In the present study, a descriptive and analytical method has been used to1 . PhD student, University of Islamic Religions and Denominations, Qom, Iran (corresponding author). [email protected] . Assistant Professor, Research Institute of Hawzeh and University, Qom, Iran. [email protected] Assistant Professor, University of Religions and Denominations, Qom, Iran. [email protected].* Shahdadi, H., Dadashzadeh, M., & Hosseini, S. M. (2024). An Evaluation of Ashura reports of Rajali sources, a case study of Tanqih al-Maqal. Journal of Al-Tarikh va Al-Hadarah al-Islamiyah; Ruyat al-Mu'asirah, 3(6), pp. 11-44. https://doi.org/10.22081/IHC.2024.75149.1030compare the news of Tanqih al-Maqal with the historical data of the ancient and contemporary sources related to Ashura studies. The findings of the study suggest errors in documenting and narrating content regarding Ashura reports in the book Tanqih al-Maqal.

Salinomycin (SLM) is an ionophore antibiotic used extensively in the poultry industry for the control and prevention of coccidiosis. The toxicity of the ionophore is thought to be due to oxidative damage caused by the production of free radicals. Curcumin is a major component of turmeric, which has a wide range of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nanocurcumin (NC) as a natural antioxidant on broiler chickens poisoned with a toxic dose of SLM. In this study, 60 broilers were randomly divided into 5 groups. The first group was considered as control. The second group received SLM at a dose of 300 mg/kg bw per day for 14 days. Groups 3, 4 and 5 received oral doses of NC at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg bw per day for 14 days in addition to SLM. After 14 days, blood and kidney tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological evaluation. It was observed that NC reduced the incidence and severity of renal histopathological lesions. The highest levels of inflammatory cells were observed in the cortex and medulla of the SLM group and it appeared that treatment with NC improved the condition and reduced the presence of inflammatory cells. It also significantly improved renal histomorphometric parameters (P<0.05). It seemed that SLM-induced adverse conditions can be reversed by oral administration of NC.

Body image is a multifaceted construct that shows a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior toward their body shape, appearance, and attractiveness. The purpose of this research was to investigate the body image and its subscales in the employees of one of the ranks of the police who had regular and irregular sports activities.

The current research is cross-sectional and comparative of two groups. In 2022, 172 male employees of one of the ranks of the police of Tehran City participated in this research using the available sampling method. These people were divided into two groups with regular exercise (94 people) and irregular exercise (78 people) based on the Baecke physical activity questionnaire. To evaluate body image, Marsh's body self-description questionnaire was used. The difference between the groups was analyzed using an independent t-test using SPSS 21 software at a significance level of p= 0.05.

The samples were 172 people with an average age of 35.2±6.5 years. The overall body image index, health subscale, physical activity subscale, sports fitness subscale, strength subscale, endurance subscale, and self-esteem subscale had significant differences in the two groups (p<0.05). The comparison results of the coordination subscale (p=0.26), fat scale (p=0.10), appearance scale (p=0.16), and physical flexibility scale (p=0.10) in the two groups show no significant difference.

It seems that participating in regular physical activities increases the level of physical abilities and physical fitness of a person, which changes the type of assessment and estimation of one's capabilities and ultimately improves it.

Knowing the obstacles to economic movement is one of the requirements for creating a new Islamic civilization. What are these obstacles from Ayatollah Khamenei's point of view is the question of this article. To answer this question, the descriptive, analytical and theoretical framework of "Six Elements of Movement" was used. The findings of the article can be categorized into six sections. 1- Obstacles related to the origin and start of economic movement such as; Economic dependence, single product and state-owned economy. 2- Obstacles related to the topic and content of economic movement such as; Lack of Islamic economic knowledge, unhealthy economy and its negative effects. 3- Obstacles related to the subject and the subject system of economic movement, such as: lack of civilizational motivation and jihadist spirit, and the weak presence of people in the economy. 4- Obstacles related to the distance and environment of economic movement; Such as neglecting the six processes of economic movement, neglecting the road map and ambiguity in the path of economic movement, neglecting the discourse of economic movement 5- Obstacles related to time (opportunities and challenges) of economic movement such as: lack of reasonable knowledge of the past, lack of correct knowledge From the current situation, the lack of understanding of the future. 6- Obstacles related to the destination and purpose of the economic movement such as; Ignoring the structures appropriate to modern Islamic civilization and ignoring the good life realized in Islamic civilization.

The present study aimed to investigate the scientific results of the studies on the strategies and exercises applicable to knee abnormalities, provide a convenient conclusion, and offer more comprehensive information so that researchers may have easier access to the related literature.

Several databases, including ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Scopus, Sport Discus, and PubMed, were searched from 1980 to 2022. The implemented keywords included knee injury, knee dislocation, anterior cruciate ligament injuries, medial collateral ligament, and return to sport.

After applying the entry and exclusion criteria, a total of 534 articles were investigated, out of which the systematic reviews, the repeated ones, and the articles that could not fulfill the entry criteria of the study were eliminated, and, finally, 33 studies were selected. The findings showed that the highest rate of injuries occurred in football (38%) , basketball (13%) , and volleyball (15%) , respectively. Moreover, ACL was the most prevalent injury (around 64%) to ligaments, while injuries to MCL ranked second.

The present study showed that the majority of knee injuries involved injuries to knee ligaments and typically took place due to running or jumping on rigid surfaces or experiencing severe blows. It was hard to conveniently summate the reports and make practical conclusions according to them due to their varying methods of reporting. Thus, future studies are recommended to homogenize the characteristics.

Several methods have been used to assess the accuracy of cervical proprioceptive inputs. Previous studies have shown that the results of these methods may affect by measurement errors. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the digital headband in reducing cervical proprioceptive measurement error. For this purpose, 40 male volunteers from Khorramabad were selected as subjects based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and their cervical repositioning errors were evaluated by using Digital Headband. Based on this, after reaching the target angle, the subjects used a remote control to record the repositioned angle, while the examiner was recording the angle displayed on the headband. Finally, the dependent t-test was used to compare the results of two mentioned methods (P≤0.05). The results showed there was some difference between obtained data from two evaluation methods, however, the results of dependent t-test showed that this difference was not significant (P<0.05). Based on the results, it seems that the use of digital headband device, despite reducing the possibility of measurement errors, does not cause a significant difference in the results.

Resilience is defined to enhance the ability of the community, planning and readiness to achieve and improve more success in dealing with adverse effects of catastrophes providing the view of repairing and improving the injured community. Resilience of critical infrastructure in the face of disasters, before, during and after a crisis is essential for proper response and recovery. Critical aspects of resilience, such as planning for hazardous situations and engaging with the calculation of infrastructures' interdependence must be understood so that managers can enhance system resilience. Wastewater transmission and treatment system is considered as one of the important urban infrastructures. Due to the large volume of available wastewater, uninterrupted operation of the sewerage system for the metropolis of Tehran is really important. This performance in the face of unexpected events is a function of its system resilience. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the resilience of the wastewater-transmission tunnel infrastructure of Tehran metropolitan to the treatment plant of Firooz Bahram. Also, methods of collecting data are based on library resources and face-to-face interview. Thus, considering the threats of the assets of the sewage transfer tunnel, the effective factors in its resilience are presented from the its literature. Then, with the help of Infrastructure Resilience Assessment Method (IRAM), its localization for the sewage-transmission line to Firooz Bahram treatment plant will be done. The results indicate that the current situation does not have the necessary resilience and a large volume of wastewater enters and damages the urban environment and other infrastructure based on scenarios (resilience costs). At the end to address the issue, the solution "Implementation plan of sewage bypass to Kan River" will be proposed and evaluated to improve the level of resilience. Evaluation of the results for implementation of the improve - resilience strategy (primary and secondary RDR difference) approves positive effect.

The present study was conducted to compare the effect of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) exercises and Otago on balance, proprioception and trunk endurance of elderly women.

45 elderly participants were divided into three groups: control, DNS, and Otago exercises, each consisting of 15 individuals. Sharpand-Romberg tests as well as standing and walking time were used to evaluate static and dynamic balance (DB). Trunk endurance was evaluated with a 60-degree flexion test and trunk proprioception with a goniometer. After evaluating the variables, the subjects of the training groups performed the exercises for 6 weeks. The control group did their daily activities. After the training program, a post-test was conducted, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 24 software. The analysis of covariance and post hoc Bonferroni test were utilized to compare the research factors between the experimental and control groups at a significance level of 0.05.

The results of the research showed that between the control group with DNS and the control group with Otago in static balance (p=0.001), DB (p=0.001 and p=0.005), trunk proprioception (p=0.001) and trunk endurance (p=0.001, p=0.003). Also, a significant difference was observed between the two groups of DNS-Otago in the variables of trunk proprioception (p=0.004) and trunk endurance (p=0.002). However, this difference was not significant in the field of static and DB (p>0.05).

The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of both DNS exercises and Otago in improving balance, endurance, and trunk proprioception in the elderly. These findings emphasize the importance of utilizing these exercises to enhance the functional level of older adults.

After the popular election of the caliph, the efforts of Imam Ali(a.s.)to remind him to return to the commands of the Prophet(s.a.w.)did not bring any benefit,and Imam Ali(a.s.)succeeded to the caliphate after Uthman.During the caliphate period, he addressed this issue again in his appeals. The issue of inheritance after Imam Ali(a.s.)was still in the spotlight during the time of Hasnain(a.s.),and people were reminded that after the Ashura incident,during the time of Imam Sajjad(a.s.),the Zaidiyyah political and intellectual movement was formed in the atmosphere of taqiyyah of the Imam.And they accepted the imamate of Imam Ali (a.s.) from the hidden text and the Imamate of Hasnain (a.s.) from the open text. In the era of Imam Baqro, Imam Sadiq (a.s.), many efforts were made for the issue of inheritance. and with the selection of Ismail as Imam's successor,they set a new trend in Shia.After Sadiqin,peace be upon him,due to the importance of this issue and Shia's special interest in establishing its example, the belief in succession became widespread in Shia.The role of determination The guardian in the political and intellectual developments of Shia,this research was intended to take into account the question that How has the idea of guardianship traveled in the age of Imams(peace be upon them)and what feedback has it had in historical sources?By using historical and sectarian sources as well as narrative sources,to investigate the existence of guardianship in the era of Hazrat Ahl al-Bayt and the work of the Kurds and its implications.and how to spread it.

In this paper attempt is made to shed light on the conceptualization of ehterām (‘respect’, ‘deference’) as a cultural keyword in a corpus of written Persian, using ethnography of communication. 717 tokens of the uses of ehterām and its cognates mohtaram (respected), mohtaramāneh (‘respectably’, ‘respectfully’), and hormat (roughly ‘reverence’) were extracted from the Persian Linguistic Data-base corpus and were semantically and pragmatically analyzed in their respective contexts. Findings indicate that ehterām and its cognates are primarily employed in relation to the 9 contexts of power, manners, qualifications, subjugation and submission, age, hospitality, caring, wealth and beauty. Drawing on research on social stratification, it is argued that the concept that unites all these contexts and concepts is sha’n or social status, in the sense of a person’s position in the social hierarchy. Furthermore, it is suggested that the concept of hormat is less dependent on the situational context and is a form of respect that is paid primarily to the position occupied by an individual according to the culturally defined system of values. Hormat is a special form of ehterām in the Iranian culture based on the culturally defined intrinsic or absolute status of categories and individuals. Keywords: ethnography of communication, corpus-based pragmatics, respect, deference, social status, Persian culture

During the time of Imam Reza, there was a proliferation of free thinking and the Abbasid Caliphate's unfavorable conditions, which led to the spread of deviant ideologies and thoughts among Islamic and non-Islamic sects. The two Mu'tazili currents with their extreme rationalism and the Ahl al-Hadith literalists with their intellectual rigidity and deviant ideas that could have had detrimental effects on the Islamic community were not hidden from the view of Imam Reza.The particular deviations of Ahl al-Hadith drew the Imam's special attention to confront this current and explain their deviant views. In order to understand the Imam's confrontation with this current, the first step is to examine the conceptual meaning of Ahl al-Hadith, and it becomes clear that this term has its roots in its literal meanings. After the formation of the first term Hadith, in a later period, it became a specific term for a group that had a particular attitude towards appearances and hadiths and became known as Ahl al-Hadith. Then, by exploring the emergence of Ahl al-Hadith with the influence of Moshabbahe and Salafis and the emergence of their theological views in this group, we examine their presence in the Razavi era. Then, by examining the views of thinkers and the available historical, theological, and philosophical sources related to this period, we analyze the Imam's confrontational approach and conclude with the confrontation pattern he employed. The findings of this study can be divided into two categories: methods, including prevention, purification of theological discussions and previous views, and the presentation of new and convincing views of Ahl al-Hadith, and approaches, including reliance on textual evidence rather than appearances, balance between reason and revelation, and the fight against forgery and distortion with the principle of Quranic centrality.

Street-level bureaucrats are the people who,behind the showcase of luxurious government promises,play a decisive role in the way government services are provided and determine the level of satisfaction of citizens or service recipients.The importance of SLBs' participation in the policy-making process is highlighted when we know that citizens' satisfaction with government performance is highly dependent on the performance of street-level bureaucrats.If it is possible to consider an approach for policy-making in which the opinions of bureaucrats are effectively used in the design process,the possibility of deviation of policies during implementation will be reduced.Therefore,in the present study, the researcher reviewed the studies and researches conducted in the past years in order to identify and design a basic framework for the participation of street-level bureaucrats in the policy-making process. In this study,using a systematic literature review, 17 articles were screened.The literature was selected and carefully reviewed.Then, these articles were coded based on metacombination method.Based on the obtained results,it was found that three main axes should be considered in order to involve street-level bureaucrats in government organizations in designing policies.These three axes include the policy formulation process(including feeling the problem,understanding the problem,measuring and evaluating the problem,creating a solution and choosing a solution),the method of participation of bureaucrats (including information,consultation,consensus,collaborative design,decision-making,self-control) and finally The level of participation (including individual,group,coalition and organizational participation). Finally, by using the Delphi method, the opinions of 25 university experts were examined about each of the identified components. Based on each axis, explanations and suggestions are provided at the end.

Thiophanate methyl fungicide, which is used to control the most common fungal diseases in agricultural products, causes high cytotoxic effects in cells through changes in the physiological homeostasis. The present study was conducted to evaluate the histopathological changes following the use of thiophanate methyl fungicide in the brain tissue of Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups of 8, one control group and three groups receiving thiophanate methyl poison dissolved in corn oil with doses of 1328 (group A), 996 (group B) and 664 (group C) (mg/kg body weight). At the end, Nissl and hematoxylin-eosin staining was done to evaluate the damage caused in the brain tissue.

Evaluations on the brain tissue showed a range of pathological changes in the cerebral cortex of group A and necrosis of neurons in all groups receiving thiophanate methyl poison, followed by a decrease in the density of neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, and the amount of this decrease in all areas of the CA2,3 area in groups A (106.40±5.12) and B (126.10±5.22) was higher than group C (161.30±6.79) (P<0.05).

Thiophanate methyl fungicide causes a decrease in the density of neurons in these areas in the central nervous system through damage to the cells of the cerebral cortex and the main areas of the hippocampus, which increased the severity of this damage after increasing the dose of the fungicide.

The researchers conducted the present study with the aim of investigating the pain and muscle disorders of patients with covid-19 with people who have experienced it. The research was applied and comparative. Samples were calculated using G-power of 303 people, and sports teachers were excluded from the research. The Nordic questionnaire was provided to Ardabil education and training employees after the investigation, the number of people with one year of identification and the number of 113 people with the age range of 30 to 45 years reported no reduction. Then, musculoskeletal disorders of 9 body areas in both groups were evaluated using descriptive statistics and chi-square test at a significance level of 0.01. The muscle pain of the affected group was significantly (P<0.01) higher than that of the healthy group, and also based on the chi-square test, the amount of back and neck pain was 52% and 45%, respectively, in affected people compared to other organs. It was more meaningful. (P<0.01) noticed that there was no significant difference between the pain and discomfort of different organs in the non-observed group. Corona patients may experience pain, and the cause of it in the Nordic questionnaire, in addition to physical abnormalities and excessive muscle disease, can be from Corona disease; Therefore, the Nordic questionnaire should be used.

Muscle fatigue can be an effective factor in the occurrence of sports injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute lower limb fatigue on three-dimensional pelvic kinematics and lumbar curvature during unanticipated block among adolescent female volleyball players. In this semi-experimental study, given the inclusion criteria, 16 adolescent female volleyball players were selected through a convenience sampling method. In the pre-test phase, the lumbar curvature of the participants was measured by a flexible ruler, and then each subject performed three unanticipated single leg jump-landing maneuvers and the data was recorded by a motion analysis device. Then the intervention of volleyball-specific lower-limb fatigue protocol was applied and the players were re-evaluated. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the homogeneity of variances, the dependent t-test was used to analyze the data, and MATLAB software used to analyze the kinematic data. The results represented, a significant difference in the increase of anterior tilt and external rotation of the pelvic at the initial contact and the decrease of anterior tilt and increase internal rotation of the pelvic at the peak of landing after applying the fatigue protocol (P≤0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in other kinematic variables (P≥0.05). According to the results, it seems that the kinematic changes observed after applying the lower limb fatigue protocol can increase the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury in volleyball players.

The quality of bayt al-mal distribution is one of the crucial issues in the Islamic system, and its fair distribution can create economic justice, public welfare, and social security in all strata of society. The present study aims to answer that Imam Ali's (AS) seerah in the administration of justice in the distribution of the bayt al-mal was based on which foundations and principles? To answer this question, the problem was investigated by reading the relevant books and in a descriptive-analytical way. In this research, after investigating the method of performance of Imam Ali (AS) in distributing the bayt al-mal, we concluded that Imam was able to direct the expenses of bayt al-mal with his unique knowledge. So, homogeneous economic growth was available in social classes, and this growth was not accumulated in a specific stratum. Imam aimed to grow all social classes and strongly avoided the concentration of wealth and the creation of social gaps. In this regard, Imam used to pay the shares of different classes of people from bayt al-mal equally according to their work criterion, need, and expediency.

What does moral paternalism entail? What about moralism? How do moral paternalism and moralism differ? In paternalism, at least in one interpretation, the aim is to prevent people from inflicting harm on themselves, not necessarily others. However, in moralism, the aim is to prevent people from committing what society regards as a wrongdoing to secure society’s understanding of morality. Some accounts of moralism argue that these wrongdoings ought to be criminalized. It is rather intuitive to claim that applying moral paternalism and moralism shall restrict people’s liberty. Which one of these two approaches is plausible to be applied by states? In this paper, we argue that moralism restricts people’s liberty unjustifiably, hence implausible. We will begin by explaining what paternalism amounts to. Next, we will critically evaluate moralism. We conclude by arguing that moralism is not a dependable approach. Keywords: “Paternalism”; “Moralism”; “Legal Enforcement of Morality”; “Morals”; “Conventional Morality”; “Legal Moralism”; “Lord Patrick Devlin”; “Immoral”; “Amoral”; “Normative Ethics’; “The Harm Principle”; “Freedom”.

Lack of proper municipal solid management in the Northern provinces of Iran has led to damages to the natural resources, health, environment, social and economic conditions. Construction of solid waste processing plants such as compost and incineration, ignoring essential elements in waste management, cannot be as a successful strategy to solve the solid waste problems. Integrated management as a suitable and well-proved solution in many developed countries was proposed for Mazandaran province as a more reliable strategy to replace the existing conditions. In this paper, the results of study conducted for Amol and Noor region have been analyzed. Minimizing waste production, maximizing recycling and reuse, processing organic waste through digestion or composting process, producing refusing derived fuel (RDF) and using it in the waste incineration plants or Neka cement plant and finally disposing less than 10% of the waste in landfill is the proposed solution to improve the existing waste conditions. Implementing the proposed integrated management over a period of 20 years will lead to preventing from economic and environmental damages due to the loss of valuable natural resources and the release of various pollutants from landfills which is evaluated to be equivalent of about 28 billion dollars also, saving resources and energy estimated to be about 38 billion dollars.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPS) are widely used in human life; however, they do have side effects on human health.

This study aimed to evaluate the different doses of ZnO-NPS on testicular tissue.

35 male Wistar rats (10-12 wk, 220 ± 20 gr) were divided into 7 groups of 5, including the control group (gavaged distilled water daily), sham group (received intraperitoneal doses of distilled water twice a week). The group received intraperitoneal ZnO-NPS (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight, twice a week), and gavage (150 and 200 mg/kg body weight daily). All stages of the test were performed in 4 wk then serum testosterone and tissue malondialdehyde, and ferric reducing antioxidant power levels were measured, also testes histopathological evaluation was performed.

Our results showed that a reduced cell population of spermatozoa was observed in the group that received 25 mg/kg ZnO-NPS, while a reduced cell population of spermatozoa, edema, hyperemia, and vacuolar degeneration were observed in the group that received 50 and 100 mg/kg ZnO-NPS. The maximum amount of lesions were observed in the dose of 200 mg/kg. The highest amount of ferric reducing antioxidant power and testosterone levels were observed in the control group. Also, a 100 mg/kg intraperitoneal dose of ZnO-NPS and 150 mg/kg oral dose of ZnO-NPS were suitable doses to create a model of male genital lesions.

Nanoparticles are harmful factors for the reproductive system and consequently affect infertility, which requires the toxicity of the concentration of these nanoparticles to be evaluated and controlled.

A judge or a judicial system, that is not independent and is influenced by different factors is, unable of establishing justice; he/she is also unable to protect the rights and individual freedoms of people which calls into question the existential philosophy of that judicial system. People's lack of trust in the judicial system leads to a decrease in the legitimacy of the political system which causes political and social crises and at higher levels, the collapse of the political system. Based on the principle of separation of powers, which has been one of the most important intellectual achievements of mankind in social administration, the power of the government is separated and divided into the three branches of legislative, judiciary, and executive organs (although they maintain their interaction), in order to prevent the concentration of power in one person or institution. Judicial independence is, therefore, one of the logical results of accepting the principle of separation of powers, the origin of which can be found in the era of Aristotle. Today, this principle is considered one of the most important principles and, in fact, the cornerstone of democratic governments–a form of government that seems better able to provide justice than other forms of government. The Principle of Judicial Independence in International Documents and the Legal System of Afghanistan One of the results of accepting the principle of separation of powers, as mentioned earlier, is the acceptance of the principle of judicial independence. This principle has been discussed and supported in international and regional documents. In Afghanistan, for the first time during the reign of Amanullah Khan, it was recognized in Article 53 of the Constitution of Afghanistan (1923) by stating that "all courts are free from any interference". In the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004), there is no clarity about accepting the principle of separation of powers. But from its general structure and its division of chapters –the fourth chapter (government) the fifth chapter (the National Council) and the seventh chapter (Judiciary) it is inferred that this principle is accepted. Judicial independence is also explicitly accepted in Article 116: "The judiciary is the independent pillar of the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan".

Research Problem:

In Afghanistan, in recent years, several criminal cases have resulted in decisions that raised questions about the status and position of judicial independence in the judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Do judges and the judicial system of Afghanistan act independently?

Although much research has been done about judicial independence in the world, it has received less attention in Afghanistan which is perhaps the reason why Afghan legal writers have made fewer claims about the strength or weakness of judicial independence in Afghanistan based on evidence. Therefore, evidence-based research about judicial independence, in which the personal judgment of the authors is minimized, is one of the needs of Afghan society. The main question of this essay is regarding the status of judicial independence, as one of the most important pillars of good governance, in the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.Judicial independence can be studied at both organizational and individual levels. At the organizational level, it is indicated by a look at factors such as the recognition of the independence of the judiciary in the constitution and other laws, the exclusivity of judicial authority in the judiciary, the binding nature of the rulings of the judiciary on other organs, administrative independence, and finally, its financial independence. Also, to evaluate individual judicial independence, one should consider indicators such as the process of selecting and appointing judges, job security of judges, prohibition of engaging in political and other duties for the judges, prescribing objective conditions for their promotion and demotion, documentation of judicial decisions, establishing a judicial panel in court, judicial immunity, the salaries of judges and finally their safety and security.

 The results of this study show that in Afghanistan during the republic period, at the organizational level, while the independence of the judiciary was recognized in the constitution and other laws of the country, the exclusion of jurisdiction in the judiciary was not desirable. The rulings of the judiciary were not so binding on other organs which had damaged its independence. Administrative independence was also weak, but financial independence was in a good condition. At the individual level, the selection and appointment of judges was not suitable, but the job security of judges had been relatively good as the mechanism of hiring judges was in a good situation that ensured their job security to a large extent. The guarantee of the prohibition of their employment in political duties was weak, but in other duties, the ban had been appropriately executed. Also, while the prescription of objective criteria for the promotion and demotion of judges was very bad, the judicial decisions were documented and the judicial boards were established in proceedings. Judicial immunity had been realized incompletely, judges' salaries were assessed as appropriate but their safety and security had been inadequate. In general, judicial independence in Afghanistan was weak which, according to the authors, had caused people's distrust in the judicial system and as a result, a decrease in the legitimacy of the republican system. This can be considered one of the factors for the fall of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.

Morality as a state of mind is an up-to-date and practical issue and has a great impact on the occurrence of actions of individuals in society. The main question of the research is what is morality and is it within the concept of justice or is it another condition? By referring to the library and using the descriptive-analytical method, the findings indicate that the general morality is doubtful, it is a high level of justice that is a condition in cases such as a judicial officer and a religious witness. Morality can be equated with professional and organizational ethics and a kind of harmony between one’s social personality and the two elements of time and place.

Nowadays, the use of plants as one of the treatment methods of heavy metal pollution is considered. Cinnamon is one of the plants that has many therapeutic properties due to its effective ingredients. One of the most important effective ingredients of cinnamon is cinnamaldehyde. In the current study, the therapeutic effect of cinnamaldehyde on the lesions caused by zinc oxide (ZnO) in the gills of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was investigated. In this study, common carp were divided into 5 groups in triplicates. Group 1 was considered as a control, group 2 was exposed to 3mg/L of zinc oxide, and groups 3, 4, and 5, in addition to receiving zinc oxide received concentrations of 3.6, 7.2, and 10.8mg of cinnamaldehyde in 100g diet, respectively for a period of 45 days. Then, 6 fishes were randomly selected from each group and their gills were sampled. The highest amount of zinc concentration, the lowest amount of total antioxidant activity and the highest amount of lipid peroxidation index were observed in group 2. Also, the most severe damage was observed in group 2 including epithelial cells hyperplasia, adhesion, atrophy and destruction of secondary lamellae, hyperemia, telangiectasia and infiltration of inflammatory cells. In the treatment groups with increase of cinnamaldehyde in the diets, zinc concentration, histopathology symptoms and lipid peroxidation index decreased, while the amount of total antioxidant activity increased. The results of this study showed that cinnamaldehyde has a protective and therapeutic effect against the damage caused by zinc oxide. The most protective effect was observed in group 5 including decrease of Zn bioaccumulation, improving histopathology symptoms, reducing the value of lipid peroxidation index and increasing the value of total antioxidant activity.

Bioactive compounds derived from plants have been used to treat various ailments with minimal adverse effects effects. The in-silico methods are developed to predict the behavior of drug candidates before performing the in-vitro and in-vivo experiments. In the current study, a computational investigation was conducted to understand the probable mechanisms of two benzoquinone diterpenoids namely fruticulin-A and demethylfruticulin-A isolated from several salvia species by molecular docking and dynamic simulation approaches.

The above mentioned compounds with proven anticancer activity were docked against five selected target proteins that regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis including cyclin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CDK-2), CDK-6, DNA topoisomerases I (topo I), topo II and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) using autodock 4.2. Besides, molecular dynamics simulations were applied to evaluate the stability of the best-docked complexes.

Both compounds demonstrated remarkable binding affinity to CDK-2 than the known CDK-2 inhibitor. The trajectory analysis for 50 nanosecond (ns) revealed acceptable RMSD, RMSF and Rg values during the entire molecular dynamic simulation which confirmed the stability of complexes.

The results of our study displayed that fruticulin-A and demethylfruticulin-A can be developed as excellent natural product derived CDK-2 inhibitors, and further biological experiments should be performed to confirm their use as an efficient option for treating cancer disease.