فهرست مطالب seyed mohammad sheikh ahmadi

Worldwide, infectious diseases have been one of the main factors of premature deaths for a long time. Due to the lack of proper social and cultural conditions, Iran suffered a lack of hygiene, particularly in provinces, until the end of the Qajar era. As Hamedan was located on the east-west transporting routes, it was exposed to infectious diseases mainly because of the presence of foreign and domestic merchants as well as traders and pilgrimage caravans. This study is to investigate the outbreak of infectious diseases in Hamedan during the Qajar period and their consequences on demographic transformations and the mortality rate. Regarding methodology, a historical, descriptive-analytic method has been used in the current study, and the data has been gathered using the documentary method. The documents and studies show that infectious diseases caused a population decrease in Hamedan province in the Qajar period. It is worth mentioning that the pandemics of infectious diseases, particularly Cholera and Plague, occurred in Hamedan during this period, one of the primary reasons for the population decrease in this province. Findings show that public ignorance, lack of proper hygiene, primitive, inappropriate routes, as well as poor performance of local and central rulers, primarily affected the increase of mortality and decrease of the population rate.

 The Poshtkouh region was considered a strategic area in the western boundaries of Iran, and the Feyli governors who had ruled Pishkouh and Poshtkouh in Lorestan as local governors since the Safavid Dynasty were selected by the central government to rule the region. The present study aimed to investigate the following question: what were the changes occurring on the western boundaries of Iran in Poshtkouh during the Qajar era?The study employed a descriptive-analytical methodology by relying on historical documents and maps and library resources, and the findings showed that the Poshtkouh region in the western boundaries of Iran witnessed relative changes in the Qajar Era due to the presence of strategic areas like the Seifi and Malkhatavi lands, border rivers like Konjancham, Gavi, and Changouleh, the Baghsaei region, and the salt mines of Poshtkouh. In this period, the Poshtkouh region did not suffer changes due to the military strength of its governors and the effective presence of the Tribes and clans of the region, and its geographical domain included parts of the Jassan, Badra, Zurbatiyah, and Tursaq in the Ottoman land.

One of the disputed issues between Iran and the Ottomans from the second half of Naser al-Din Shah's reign onwards was the construction of the boundary fortifications of Marivan, Avroman, and Lahijan on the Iranian-Ottoman boundary. This research seeks to find the answer to this question: What effect did the construction of boundary fortifications on the boundaries of Marivan, Avroman, and Lahijan have on Iran-Ottoman relations and transformation of Iran's western boundaries in the Qajar era? The findings of this research, which is carried out with descriptive-explanatory method using historical documents and maps, and desk study, showed that following the construction of new boundary fortifications by the Iranian government in Ardalan Kurdistan and Mukriyan, the Ottoman government tried to induce tensions in the western boundaries of Iran by making claims on the boundary blocks of Marivan, Avroman, and Lahijan, and with an emphasis on the claim that these areas are inside the Status Quo plan in order to impose its own desired terms in the provisions of the boundary committees. Finally, with the intervention of intermediary governments and based on the protocols of Tehran and Istanbul and the Boundary Commission in the year 1332 A.H., these areas were recognized as belonging to the Iranian government.

With the rise of the Qajar dynasty and due to their religious tendencies, the shrines and pilgrimages gained a special place. The rulers of Kermanshah, following the policies of the central government in Tehran, devoted a part of their governance measures to the path of highness and pilgrims and related issues.This research aims to answer this question by using the historical research method which is based on description and analysis, what is the role and place of the Way of Atabat in the social and religious developments of Kermanshah? And how did it lead to important changes in the social and religioussituation of this city?The findings of the present research show that the actions of the Qajar kings and the rulers of Kermanshah to create security on the way to the tombs and also to create mosques and takayas and caravanserais for the well-being of pilgrims led to the expansion of pilgrims in this geography and considering that religious scholars, merchants and princes along with Ordinary people were important people among the pilgrims, the good interactions between them and the rulers and people of Kermanshah led to the permanent residence of some of them, and the formation of the clerical class and merchants took place from that time, and this caused social and religious changes in Kermanshah. It is possible to mention the strengthening of the discourse and religion of Shia in opposition to other religions and religious minorities, as well as the tendencies of constitutionalism in it.

In the present study, the history of Marivan City from the time of the emergence of this word in historical sources has been studied. Understanding the fate of the city of Marivan from ancient times to the origin of the word Marivan and what historical stages it has gone through requires a lot of research. Here, the criterion and source of information processing is the origin of the word Marivan with different titles in historical texts. Accordingly, the beginning of the chronicle of the city of Marivan in this study dates back to the Mongol era and continues almost until the beginning of the Pahlavi period. Existing sources and reports indicate that the political appearance of the city of Marivan, with this title, in historical sources is synonymous with the rise to power and chronology of the Ardalan family in the seventh century AH. Since then, one can trace Mariwan in the process of border developments between the two empires of Iran and the Ottoman Empire, as well as in the rivalry between the Kurdish ruling families of Ardalan (around Mariwan and later in Sanandaj) and Baban (in Sulaimaniyah). Thus, in the present study, the political destiny of the city of Marivan from the Mongol period to the Pahlavi period has been mentioned based on historical sources and library methods..

One of the causes of premature deaths in different parts of the world and Iran during the Qajar era was the spread of infectious diseases in the 19th century. Meanwhile, in general, Iran did not have favorable health conditions. Kermanshah, as one of the main highways in the west of the country, the gateway to Mesopotamia and the most important pilgrimage route of Shiite Iran, has been one of the busiest travel, commercial and pilgrimage routes, and hence, was exposed to the spread of various infectious disease The purpose of this research is to investigate the prevalence of infectious diseases in Kermanshah during the Qajar era and its effects on the population change and death. The research method is historical and descriptive-analytical; documentary methods have been used to collect the information. The results and achievements of the research showed that the outbreak of infectious diseases, especially cholera, plague, and typhoid, occurred many times in Kermanshah and was one of the important factors in the significant decrease in the population of this state. The results of this research have shown that the ignorance, illiteracy, and superstition, the low level of medical knowledge, the inappropriate and insecure roads, the poor performance of the king and the local rulers in making appropriate decisions to prevent the spread of such diseases, had a significant impact on the extent of the casualties and the population decline.

the current of religious modern in the first Pahlavi period is intellectually a continuation of the intellectually current in Iran .with the support of the Pahlavi government a spectrum emerged whose thoughts and ideals were colored by secular thought. Their common denominator was opposition to religious rule, elimination of superstitions in society and alienation from religious authority. this article intends to answer the question using descriptive- analytical the main approach of religious dissidents of the first Pahlavi period included reforms in which religious aspects? The approach of religious dissidents included the structural reform of religion. Pahlavi governments approach was to support their activities. Asadulla kharaghani and mohammad mehdi khalesizadeh, while accepting principles of ijtihad tried to eliminator religious heresies and create unity among muslime .Ahmad Kasravi, thought that religious could not be rebuilt and attacked the shiat religious and demanded the replacement of the new religion. sanglaji and Ali Akbar hakamizadeh while rejecting this presupposition, considered religious culture to be reformable and modernistic, and while confronting heresy and superstition, considered religious knowleged to be in line with new religious approaches. the most important finding of this study was the appearntets and tradicitional clergy of course, the views of religious dissidents were new endorsed by the nation because unlike the Pahlavi government. they contradicted the beliefs of the majority of the Iranian.

the permanence of the face of the prominent men of history depends on the firm steps they have taken during thire lives. Matyr seyyed Hassan Modarres took effective steps not only field of thought but also in the field of politics. An important feature of him is his legalism and political thought. Modarres tried to establish religious policy in a new format for the article with the tyranny of Qajar and anti- religion of the first Pahlavi and to use the parliament as a link between the people the court and the elites. He was the first contemporary scholar to understand the concept of nation-state. This article intends to ude the descriptive analytical method to answer the question that what the consequences of the application of Modarres' poltical thought and parliamentary approach at the community level? Acording to the study of the infrastructure of opinions and ideas of the modarres these consequences are manifistected in the form of three componenrs; belief in the unity of religion and politics,acceptance of parliamentary power by the government and determination of the government aginst the nation. The most important finding of this study was the application of Modarres rational and scientific thinking in the struggle aginst Reza khan's rule inorder to preserve Islamic values and prevent his dictatorship.

One of the issues deserving to be investigated in the history domain of Saljuqid era is the status of Islamic religions as well as the sects under their domination.
When Abbasid caliph were about to fall down, the advent of Saljuqids in Iran provided the ground for the re- strengthening of Sunnite religion.
Jibal state as one of the important areas of Iran in Saljuqid era was of great significance due to having the strategic position and element of union between the east and west of Abbasid caliph.
Variety in the sects, the Shiite and Sunnite religions and the distribution of the followers of these religions in different cities of this state had made more salient the role of Jibal state in the middle history of Iran particularly in Saljuqid time.
Relying on the information present in the historical and geographical books related to the western cities of Jibal state in time of Saljuqids, the present research is to clarify the religious position of this area.
The findings of this research illustrates that along with the Shiite Zaidi and Ismaelite minority in Jibal state, all the sources put emphasis on cities of this era as being Shafe’ee.