seyed mohammadreza ahmadi tabatabaei

Minor tyranny is known as the beginning of the full-fledged struggle of constitutional scholars against the views of legitimists. As from the perspective of the history of political thought, the most coherent and systematic treatises on the defense of constitutionalism were published in the same period, the best of which are the treatise Tanbih al-Ummah and Tanzih al-Mulla by Allameh Naeini. Naeini based his practical endeavors in politics on religious assumptions, moving in the direction of confronting what he saw as heresy in religion, which is to accompany tyranny; And stated that it was in the interest of the Muslim community to limit tyranny through the constitution. Accordingly, Naeini's association with the constitutional movement is a kind of political pragmatism, and this pragmatism is based on what he has considered a religious duty for the jurists. The present study intends to use the explanatory-analytical method with the help of library documents to answer the main question: what are the principles of Allameh Naeini's political pragmatism in the constitutional era? Allameh Naeini's political thought in defending the constitution based on dynamic ijtihad in Shi’a jurisprudence is one of the important examples of political pragmatism, which is based on the observance of public interests in accordance with rational and narrative arguments in the age of absence.

The moral virtues have had great credit in human social life from the past based on the date of formation and evolution of social and civil thought. Specifically on the relationship between ethics and politics, varies scholars in the East and West of the world have spoken that Suhrawardi is one of these thinkers. In this article due to the important of social context on thoughts, this question will be answered that:"according to the effective social context on Suhrawardi's thought, the relationship between ethics and politics, what parts will be reveal in his thought?" For this purpose by analyzing major theories in regarding to the role of social context in thoughts, we have used Skinner's integration method that it was including qualitative and interpretive methods which there are interest of both text and context. These areas are including influence of Suhrawardi's mystical ways, Iranian thought, peripatetic philosophy, and the teaching of Islam to him at the crosswords between ethics and politics, statement that include the theologian, the primacy of ethics over politics, the role of intuition in politics, light as the elixir of power and also it has created a balance between courage and kindness.

Attention to the human environment is essential in an age when human with irregular exploitation try to destroy and waste it. In between, the methodical attention to indigenous thinker’s perspective can be useful and practical. In this paper by using the prominent Traditional thinker’s perspective at the present time, Dr Nasr, has been tried to answer “How should be the desirable interaction between man and nature?” which it is in the field of environment with a political approach to this topic. This study has allocated to the environmental issue by using the framework of Ferkellaf discourse analysis in three levels of description, interpretation and explanation. As described level in Nasr’s view, there are three signifies of meaning as the religious values, traditional values and values of human dignity which signifies traditional value has been as central signifier. In the interpretation level, three factors as de sanctity of nature and knowledge, rationalism and humanism has been affected on how to formulate Nasr’s ecological discourse. As well as on the explanation level on his social function view, we can cite his criticism on single discourse; also we can cite his criticism on flawed religious approach and revival of scared knowledge of nature.

Social forces are extracted from a number of differences called «cleavage» which can be found in deep layer of a society. The importance of social forces from one side and the importance of experience of the era of Imam Ali (A) ''s ruling in Islamic thoughts from another side، is the main cause of writing this article. The main question is: What are the social forces that played effective roles in establishing Imam Ali (A) ''s government. In this article، moreover trying to study the kind of cleavages in era that Imam Ali (A) ''s government was stablished and expressing the kind of relations between this cleavage (Reinforcing، Crosscutting or Parallel)، we have determine one cleavage as a base and activity of these cleavages in three layers: Social، consciousness، and political. Also، we have expressed arrangement of cleavages that cause social forces and effect of these social forces in society. Eight effective social forces in stablishment of Imam Ali (A) ''s government are: Egyptian، Kofis، Basries، Immigrants and Ansar، Nakisin (Positional currents)، Shia believers، Banu Hashim and Gharaa class (Ideological currents). It is important to mention that all of this social forces can be known in a behavioral currents.