seyed mojtaba ahmadi

This study aimed to evaluate the significance of tumor lymphocyte infiltration (TIL) and the number of CD8+ T cells in breast cancer and their relationship with the other clinicopathological factors and overall survival (OS) was investigated.

The studied samples were breast cancer patients (2005-2017) referring to the medical oncology departments for treatment. Pathologic samples of breast cancer patients were evaluated in terms of TIL and positive immunohistochemical staining for CD8 cytotoxic cells.

299 patients were entered into the study, 3 male and 296 female. Their mean follow-up period was 61 months. Statistical findings indicated that lymph involvement is more accompanied by low TIL within the tumor (0.011). Correlations were observed between the estrogen, progesterone receptors, P53 state, and TIL; which were significant by P-value<0.049, P-value=0.024, P-value =0.002, respectively. With any Ki67 value, the number of patients with less than 30% TIL was more considerable than the two other groups with lymphocyte cut-off of 30-50% and more than 50%. Comparison of the OS of patients with positive and negative CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes in 45 patients with lymphocyte infiltration of equal or more than 40% showed that the OS results were in favor of patients with CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocyte (0.022). Out of 299 patients, 17 died.

Our findings showed that in cases of CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes in tumors, the OS of the patients will be enhanced which can act as an independent.

Among the common mental disorders in societies, depression is one of the most common mental disorders that affects all groups and classes of society. Students are among the groups with the highest rates of depression. Therefore, the need for a short and effective tool for screening and early detection of depression is felt. The aim of this research is to determine validity, reliability and the best cut‑off point of the patient health questionnaires‑9 (PHQ‑9) and patient health questionnaires‑2 (PHQ‑2) in university students.

This cross‑sectional study was conducted on 246 students of Kermanshah University of medical science in Kermanshah province of Iran. They completed the PHQ‑2, PHQ‑9, and the Beck Depression Inventory‑II (BDI‑II). A structured interview was used to diagnose depression. To analyze the data, Cronbach’s alpha for internal consistency, the intra‑class correlation (ICC) for test–retest reliability, confirmatory factor analysis for construct validity, Pearson Correlation for Convergent validity, and receiver‑operating characteristic (ROC) curve for Criterion validity was used.

The mean age of the participants was 20.43 ± 2.29. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for PHQ‑9 and PHQ‑2 was 0.82 and 0.80, respectively. The test–retest reliability based on intra‑class correlation (ICC) for PHQ‑9 and PHQ‑2 after two weeks was 0.81 and 0.73, respectively (P < 0.001). The correlation coefficient between the PHQ‑9 and PHQ‑2 with the BDI‑II was 0.74 and 0.64, respectively (P < 0.001). Confirmatory factor analysis showed that two-factor model and one factor model had good model fit. The best cut‑off point score for the PHQ‑9 was 10 with a sensitivity of 0.90 and specificity of 0.93, and the best cut‑off point score for the PHQ‑2 was 3 with the sensitivity of 0.71 and specificity of 0.92.

The PHQ‑9 and PHQ‑2 are suitable tools to screen depression in the university students in Iran.

Multiple choice questions (MCQs) are the most common questions in clinical tests. Content validity and appropriate structure of the questions are always outstanding issues for each education system. This study aimed to evaluate the role of providing quantitative and qualitative feedback on the quality of faculty members’ MCQs.

This analytical study was conducted on Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences faculty members using the total MCQs test at least two times from 2018 to 2021. The quantitative data, including the validity of the tests, difficulty, and discrimination indices, were collected using a computer algorithm by experts.

The second analysis revealed that 14 (27.5%) faculty members had credit scores below 0.4, which was within the acceptable range for the overall validity of the test. The results showed a higher difficulty index in the second feedback than the first (0.46 ± 0.21 vs 0.55 ± 0.21, P = 0.30). No significant difference was found in the discrimination index (0.24 ± 0.1.25 vs 0.24 ± 0.10, P = 0.006). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in terms of taxonomy I (61.29 ± 20.84 vs 59.32 ± 22.11, P = 0.54), II (29.71 ± 17.84 vs 32.76 ± 18.82 P = 0.39), and III (8.50 ± 16.60 vs 7.36 ± 14.48, P = 0 .44) before and after feedback.

Based on the results, the questions were not ideal regarding Bloom’s taxonomy standards and the difficulty and discrimination indexes. Furthermore, providing feedback alone is not enough, and proper planning by the educational and medical development centers’ authorities is required to empower the faculty members in this area.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is one of the most important topics in neuroscience. It refers to a long-lasting increase in synaptic efficacy and is considered as a molecular and cellular mechanism of learning and memory. Neurotrophins play essential roles in different processes in the central nervous system (CNS), such as synaptogenesis, survival of specific populations of neurons, and neuroplasticity. Some evidence suggests that neurotrophins also participate in the synaptic plasticity related to learning and memory formation. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important neurotrophic factor that is extensively expressed in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, where it promotes neuroprotection, increases synaptogenesis and neurotransmission, and mediates synapse formation and synaptic plasticity. In this review, we first focused on the research investigating the effects of BDNF on synaptic plasticity and LTP induction and then reviewed the neuronal signaling molecules employed by BDNF to promote its effects on these processes.

Androgens play an essential role in the regulation of the structure and function of the central nervous system and are involved in different types of cognitive functions and behaviors. The low levels of androgens may alternate cognitive functions and result in neurodegenerative disorders. Regarding the important role of androgens in the central nervous system, androgen deprivation by castration may lead to synaptic and cognitive dysfunction. The focus of this study is specifically on experiments reporting the role of androgen deprivation by castration in changes of neuronal system functions that underlies depression, anxiety, synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Also, we tried to explain a possible mechanism by which castration changes synaptic plasticity, memory formation and cognitive functions. In this review article, Science direct, PubMed and Scopus databases were explored to provide original articles. Studies show that castration leads to anxiety, depression, memory impairments and synaptic dysfunctions. On the other hand, it has been reported that castration decreases the level of some synaptic markers such as BDNF, PSD-95, and SYN. Therefore, regarding a positive correlation between cognitive performances and synaptic markers, it can be suggested that castration can exacerbate memory impairments, synaptic dysfunctions, and cognitive defects by decreasing the level of the synaptic markers. However, it is necessary to conduct more investigation to understanding the effects of castration on the central nervous system.

Measuring, diagnosing, and determining the severity of the symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is essential for studying mental health issues. This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DOCS) in a non-clinical population. 

In this cross-sectional study, 252 residents of Tehran (Iran) were selected by cluster sampling method from different districts. They were asked to complete DOCS, Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), and Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R). SPSS v. 21 and LISREL statistical software were used for data analysis. Cronbach's alpha, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation, and Spearman correlation were also used.

The Internal consistency of DOCS was 91.7 based on the Cronbach α value. The correlations of DOCS with DY-BOCS and OCI-R were 0.57 and 0.55, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis showed four factors. Confirmatory factor analysis also showed that this four-factor and higher-order factor models had a good fit for the data.

The present study indicated acceptable validity and reliability of DOCS in non-clinical populations in Iran. Therefore, this scale be used to screen people with OCD symptoms in non-clinical centers of mental health assessment.

The problems of drugs and addiction and the consequences of drug into abuse are considered as a phenomenon that affects different aspects of human life and is one of the main problems of modern age. The main goal of performing this investigation was identifying general demographic factors which affect the process of addiction in order to make available the facility of diagnosis and practice of therapeutic programs.

In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, a number of 500 addicts in Kermanshah, Iran, were selected using sampling method. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage frequency, cumulative frequency, and average).

The mean age of the subjects in this study was 36.6 + 8.80 years. Most addicts were in the age category of 31 to 40 years old. 62.8% of them began drug use for the first time in the age range of 10 to 20 years. 47% had primary education and 68.4% were unemployed and had no specific source of income. The top cause of drug use was reported as entertainment and enjoyment (47.6%) and the other cause was curiosity (26.4%). The most common cause of drug cessation was being tired of drug use.

With regard to the fact that most addicts are unemployed with no source of income, thus it seems that the authorities have to assess effective treatments and find ways to create youth employment and also healthy entertainment activities and source of income on which one can rely.

Currently, the corona virus has spread all over the world and has left various psychological effects on people in the community. In the meantime, some people are more caring about their behaviors, which can be for a variety of reasons.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between personality traits (conscientiousness and extraversion) and gender differences with self-care behaviors in the community of Kermanshah.

In this descriptive-correlational study, 304 adults in Kermanshah in 2020 were selected by convenience sampling method. Participants responded online (WhatsApp) to the Extraversion and Conscientiousness subscales of the short form of the 60-item Neo Questionnaire and the Self-Care Behavior Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-25 and linear regression analysis.

The results showed that in the first model, among the studied variables, gender was the best predictor of self-care. Gender 0.09 explained the changes in self-care variable (P<0.001 and F=17.30). In the second step, the variables of gender and conscientiousness were included in the study. These two variables together predicted 0.14 of the variances of the self-care variable (P<0.001 and F=13.98).

These results showed that individuals with conscientious characteristics, as well as women, were more likely to follow corona-related self-care behaviors. These results will have practical implications for the development of interventions for current and future crises.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has different effects on people's psychological and social aspects. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between anxiety, self-compassion, and gender differences with self-care behaviors and fear of COVID-19 in Kermanshah.

In the cross-sectional study, 403 people answered online questions on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7) Scale, Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), and a questionnaire focusing on COVID-19-related behavior. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used for data analysis.

There was a significant relationship between social distance and gender, and people who observed social distancing reported higher levels of fear of COVID-19 (p < 0.001). No significant relationship was found between handwashing behaviour and gender variables, marital status, and education (p > 0.05). There was a significant difference between those who answered yes to self-care behaviours related to washing and those who answered no in terms of variables of fear of COVID-19, the overall score of compassion, and subscales of compassion, including self-kindness and isolation (p < 0.05). In relation to fear of COVID-19, married status, anxiety, and common humanity had a positive relationship with fear of COVID-19. However, self-judgment was negatively related to fear of COVID-19 (p < 0.05).

According to the findings of the present study, men and people who are less afraid of COVID-19 are more likely not to observe self-care behaviors. Therefore, providing training about treatment protocols is necessary for these people. To reduce the fear of this disease in people with high levels of fear, psychologists, psychiatrists, and other medical staff can implement protocols to increase compassion.

Thymidylate synthase is one of the target enzymes of 5-fluorouracil. However, the clinical and prognostic significance of TS expression in gastric cancer has remained controversial. In this study, the expression of thymidylate synthase was evaluated in gastric cancer patients treated with combinational chemotherapy; moreover, the association between TS expression and clinicopathologic characteristics and overall survival of the patients were also assessed.

In this descriptive study, 89 pathological samples were gathered from patients at Kermanshah hospitals during 2008-2017. The survival status of patients was recorded and their overall survival was evaluated individually.

The average survival period for low and high thymidylate synthase groups was 54 and 50 months, respectively, meaning higher survival time in the lower thymidylate group. But this difference was not statistically significant (log Rank=0.88). In addition, sex, stage, recurrence, and survival had no significant difference between the low and high expression of thymidylate synthase groups (p=0.89).

The results clearly indicated that the level of thymidylate synthase is not a significant modulator of 5- fluorouracil in gastric cancer patients. Nevertheless, evaluation of the level of the enzymes and markers, as well as their effects, is highly recommended for accurate selection of chemotherapeutical strategies.

Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD) refers to one or more symptoms that cause distress or a significant disruption in one’s daily life and is correlated with poor Quality of Life and psychological distress, as well as an increased burden on health services. Therefore, its identification and treatment are of great importance because of the high prevalence and cost of this syndrome. The present study aimed to evaluate the factor structure, as well as the validity and reliability of the 8-Item somatic symptom scale (SSS-8) in a non-clinical sample of Iranian society.

The study participants included 281 individuals, who referred to Taleghani Hospital as the patients’ companions. After obtaining their informed consent, the participants answered Beck anxiety inventory, general health, SSS-8, and somatic symptoms 12 questionnaires. After completing the questionnaires, the collected data were analyzed by SPSS v. 24 and LISREL software.

Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that gastrointestinal problems, pain, fatigue, and cardiopulmonary complaints were the general factor loadings of somatic symptoms. Besides, the 8-item Somatic Symptom Scale had good internal consistency. Regarding validity, the 8-question scale showed a positive correlation with the Beck anxiety inventory (r=0.70), general health questionnaire (r=0.70) and, somatic symptoms 12 (r=0.52).

The findings provided preliminary support for the validity and reliability of the scores derived from the 8-item Somatic Symptom Scale. This scale can be used to evaluate the severity of somatic symptoms of patients referring to health clinics. Additionally, it is beneficial for interested researchers to investigate this disorder and its complications.

Drug abuse is a major issue and one of the main causes of health, psychological, and social problems. Studies have shown the effectiveness of narrative therapy in reducing psychological symptoms of addiction. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of group narrative therapy on depression, quality of life (QoL), and anxiety among people with amphetamine addiction in Kermanshah, Iran. A randomized clinical trial was conducted during 2015-2016 among patients (n=26) with amphetamine addiction in Kermanshah, Iran. The participants were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group followed 10 sessions of narrative therapy, whereas the control group received routine psychiatric care. The data collection tools included a demographic data form, Beck depression inventory-II, QoL questionnaire, and Beck anxiety inventory. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22.0). P There was a statistically significant reduction in depression and anxiety scores between the pre- and post-intervention stages (P<0.001) in the intervention group. However, their QoL was unaffected by the therapy (P=0.487). These variables did not show a significant change in the control group. Group narrative therapy reduced the level of depression and anxiety in patients with amphetamine addiction. However, their QoL was unaffected by the therapy. Trial Registration Number: IRCT2016010425442N2

Iran is one of the 10 most disaster-prone countries in the world and out of the 42 known types of disasters, at least 31 of them have occurred in this country. Recent disaster experiences have taught us that warnings must be taken seriously and preparedness is necessary. Family readiness is considered as one of the most important pillars of public readiness and community readiness. Achievement of this goal requires a thorough program and various packages to build the culture of preparedness and education is one of its most important parts.

The present cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 18100 families who participated in all the stages of training of the KHADEM National Program (Disaster Preparedness Program Serving Families and Communities) in Khorasan Razavi province. These families were selected based on the regional divisions of the implementation of the project and in the first stage, 18100 families were trained throughout the province. The participating families completed the Household Disaster Preparedness Index questionnaire before and after face-to-face training.

Assessment of the level of family readiness after the training showed an increase in this score. However, it was clear is that the distribution of the scores is not normal, and needs analysis and interpretation.

The analysis of data and statistical model revealed that the training program was more effective in cities with a population of fewer than 50,000 people compared to cities with a population of more than 50,000 people.

Psychological factors, such as depression and anxiety are among the risk factors in coronary heart disease (CHD). Therefore, we need the necessary interventions in this field to quickly diagnose these disorders.

The aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of Patient Health questionnaires-4 (PHQ-4) as a screening tool for depression and anxiety in CHD patients in Iran.

In this study, 279 CHD patients completed PHQ-4, Patient Health questionnaires-9 (PHQ-9), generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale, and Beck depression inventory version-II (BDI-II). Semi-structured clinical interviews (SCID) based on DSM-5 were also used to diagnose depression and anxiety.

Cronbach’s alpha for PHQ-2, GAD-2, and PHQ-4 were reported to be 0.79, 0.75, and 0.78 respectively. The correlations of the PHQ-4 questionnaire with the BDI-II, GAD-7, GAD-2, PHQ-9, and PHQ-2 were found to be 0.72, 0.63, 0.85, 0.79, and 0.88 respectively. The results of fitting one-factor and two-factor models showed that the two-factor model has a more suitable fit. The optimal cut-off point of PHQ-4 ≥ 7 to measure depression and anxiety concurrently (sensitivity = 0.86, specificity = 0.90, and the area under the curve was 0.93 (CI = 0.90 - 0.96).

The PHQ-4 questionnaire is an appropriate tool for diagnosis of and screening for depression and anxiety in the population of CHD patients.

Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) have been characterized as appropriate screening tools for coronary heart patients. However, their psychometric properties have not been assessed in Iranian coronary heart patients. This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian versions of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 in patients with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian versions of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 in patients with CHD. Totaly, 284 patients with CHD referred to Imam Ali Hospital in Kermanshah were selected through purposive sampling. They were first given a structured clinical interview (SCID-I) and were then asked to complete PHQ-9, PHQ-2, and Beck Depression Inventory-version 2 (BDI-II). The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s α, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.86 for PHQ-9 and 0.77 for PHQ-2. The correlation between PHQ-9, and BDI-II and PHQ-2 was 0.74 and 0.80, respectively (P < 0.001). Additionally, the correlation between PHQ-2 and BDI-II was 0.64 (P < 0.001). Using exploratory factor analysis, a one-factor structure was extracted. The optimal cutoff point for PHQ-9 was ≥ 8 with the sensitivity of 0.80, specificity of 0.81, and Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.87 (95% confidence interval: 0.83 - 0.91). Additionally, the optimal cutoff point for PHQ-2 was ≥ 3 with the sensitivity of 0.68, specificity of 0.83, and AUC of 0.81 (95% confidence interval: 0.75 - 0.86). The Persian versions of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 possessed acceptable psychometric properties and could, consequently, be used to screen depression in CHD patients.

  Social networks are the most important means of communication in the societies as well as in the world.social networks among students is very essential. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the use of social networks with the motivation of academic achievement among students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. In this cross-sectional study 270 students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences during the academic year of 2017-18 were selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using demographic information form, social networks questionnaire, and Hermann's academic achievement motivation. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 22. The mean age of the participants was 21.9 ± 3.2 years. In general, the average score of motivation for progress in the samples was 78.0 ± 8.0, indicating that the motivation for academic achievement was high among students. However, the results of the Spearman test showed that there is not a significant statistical relationship between the time spent using virtual social networks and the motivation for academic achievement in students.
Conclusion The results indicate that considering the majority of students are members of social networks, the use of virtual social networks did not affect students' achievement motivation.

Infertility is a common disorder, exposing couples to complication such as the loss of mental health and the increase of marital conflicts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of behavioral couple therapy on the enhancement of mental health and reduction of marital conflicts. In this clinical trial, 24 couples were selected using convenience sampling and were divided randomly into control (12 couples) and experimental (12 couples) groups. Mental Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and Kansas Marital Conflict Scale (KMCS) were used to collect data. These questionnaires were filled and pretest, posttest and followup were done in two months. Data were analyzed by Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance, chi-square, independent sample T test, and Bonferroni tests using SPSS-16 software.  The significant level of the test was 0.05. The results of the data analysis between experimental and control groups of females in the marital conflict variable showed that the effect of time (p=0.002) and time and group interactional effect (p=0.001) were significant. Moreover, in both experimental and control groups of males, time effect was significant (p=0.01), but time and group interactional effect was not significant (p=0.14). Also, the results of the data analysis between experimental and control groups of females in the mental health and time effect was significant (p=0.001) and time and group interactional effect was significant as well (p=0.001). But in both experimental and control groups of males, time effect (p=0.71) and time and group interactional effect were not significant (p=0.60). Behavioral couple therapy can be used in the treatment of infertile couples, especially in women.  

The wide acceptance of social networking students has provided a unique opportunity to track the use of this medium for their academic performance. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the use of social networks and academic performance in students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences In this cross-sectional study, 270 students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 1996-96 were studied by stratified random sampling. Data were collected using demographic information form and social network questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software version 22. The mean age of the samples was 21.85 ± 3.22 years. Pearson statistical test showed that there was no significant relationship between the use of social networks and academic performance of students, but there was a significant correlation between students' academic performance and computer use time. The results indicate that the majority of students are members of social networks and the use of virtual social networks does not affect their academic performance. Therefore, considering the emergence of social networks and the lack of familiarity of students with all the effects of using it and the differences in the results of studies, more research on other aspects affecting the life and health of students seems necessary.

Individuals with substance use disorder are not homogeneous as we might regard. Thus, this study was conducted to present a novel classification of substance use disorder based on temperament, addiction severity, and negative emotions.
In this correlation study, Temperament and Character Inventory, Addiction Severity Index, Aggression Subscale of MMPI-2, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale, Emotional Schema Questionnaire, and Psychosocial Checklist were used for data collection.
The cluster analysis of 324 individuals with substance use disorder explored 4 subtypes. Subgroups were named based on the main features as emotionally distressed, constitutional, nonconformist, and impulsive. Significant differences were found among groups in emotional schemas, history of mental disorder in the family, rate of relapse, and history of imprisonment.
It seemed that temperament dimensions, addiction severity, and negative emotional states were valid components in classifying individuals with substance use disorder.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that influences mental and physical health. Regarding the importance of diabetic patients’ psychological status, this research studied the effect of group positive psychotherapy on life expectancy and general health of type 2 diabetic patients.
This clinical-trial study was done on 30 type 2 diabetic patients in Kermanshah diabetes research center. The experimental and control groups were randomly selected. Data were gathered before and 10 weeks after intervention. Demographic, life expectancy and general health (GHQ) questionnaires were used for gathering data. SPSS-16 and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S), Chi-square and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used for analyzing data.
Results showed that group positive psychotherapy caused significant enhancement on life expectancy in intervention group than control group (P-value: 0.001). Although positive psychotherapy caused significant reduction on anxiety disorder and somatic symptoms in mental health, there was no significant difference of general health between two groups (P-value: 0.347).
Positive psychotherapy was effective on increasing diabetic patients’ life expectancy. So this efficient psychotherapy can be used for increasing type 2 diabetic patients’ life quality.

Objectives The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: Form C (SHSS: C) was first introduced by Weitzenhoffer and Hilgard in 1952 and then revised and completed in 1962. The given scale mainly measures behavioral compliance and suggestibility within a whole range of hypnotic phenomena (movements as well as examples of imagination and cognitive distortions) in a short time. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of SHSS: C in a non-clinical population.
Methods This descriptive study was conducted on 300 students from different schools of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in Iran selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method and tested via research instruments such as SHSS: C, the Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP), the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility by Spiegel, and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and Guttman’s split-half coefficient using the SPSS software version 22.
Results Factor analysis using varimax rotation from the principal component analysis extraction method for the SHSS: C could lead to the extraction of three factors of hypnotic susceptibility talents of perceptive-cognitive abilities, sensory-motor phenomena, cognitive distortions, and post-hypnotic effects. The reliability coefficients (alpha, test-retest, and internal consistency) were also equal to 0.80, 0.75, and 0.74, respectively. Moreover, three types of validity (concurrent, criterion, and correlation between subscales and total scale and inter-correlations) for the HIP, the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility by Spiegel, and the NEO-FFI were reported to be 0.89, 0.84, and 0.68, respectively.
Conclusion The results showed that the SHSS: C was endowed with desirable psychometric properties in an Iranian population, and it could be used in research studies on psychology and psychiatry.

Background and Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one of the third wave of cognitive behavioral therapies which address patients’ problem by improving four emotion regulation skills (i.e. mindfulness, allowing or acceptance, distance, and reappraisal). ERT could be applied for disorders with strong emotional element. Therefore, this study aims to determine the efficacy of emotion regulation skills on reduction of psychopathological symptoms, difficulty of emotion regulation and improvement of quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In an experimental single-case design of baseline type, 5 patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were included in the therapy process after they satisfied necessary condition. The patients had 9 sessions therapy (i.e. 90 minutes). In order to evaluate efficacy of the therapy, the measures of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality Of Life (IBS-QOL34) were used. To analyze the collected data, certain diagrams, reliable change index, improvement percentage, and corrected size effect (i.e. Hedges' g) were used.
Findings: The emotion regulation therapy reduced the psychopathological symptoms, difficulty of emotion regulation and increase of quality of life in patients with IBS. Total percentages of improvement of anxiety, depression, difficulty of emotion regulation and quality of life were 32.25, 34.68, 40.21 and 58.44 percent respectively. The ERT reduced psychopathological symptoms and difficulty of emotion regulation and improved quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome significantly. Consequently, therapists seem to be able to use the skills of this treatment to reduce the psychological problems of these patients.

Body image is defined as the mental picture of each person from his/her body. Serious concerns about body shape are the main feature of eating disorders, which is common in adolescents in milder form. Extreme concerns about body shape are the main feature of eating disorders that in fewer forms are common in adolescent. Since, this kind of concerns are influenced by the culture of each society and are relatively common among adolescents; the aim of current study is to investigate validity and reliability of the Body Shape Questionnaire 8C (BSQ-8C) in a sample of students of Kermanshah University Medical of Science.
The main tool of this study, BSQ-8C, was translated to Persian. Then validity and reliability of the BSQ-8C were evaluated in a sample of 272 students at Kermanshah University Medical of Science. Data collecting tools were BSQ-8C,BSQ-34 and Appearance Schema Inventory (ASI). Also for data analysis by SPSS version 16, correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha and split half coefficient were used.
In the sample of students of Kermanshah University Medical of Science, reliability with the internal consistency method by using Cronbach ҆s alpha was 0.82. Moreover, reliability in methods of split-half and retest were 0.79 and 0.74 respectively. As well as the convergent validity between this questionnaire, BSQ-34 and ASI by way of correlation was 0.90 and 0.57 respectively.
BSQ-8C for assessing body shape dissatisfaction in students has high reliability and good concurrent validity.

Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in which medication is the most common treatment. Concerning the side effects and the high expense of these treatments, developing the non-pharmaceutics treatments seem to be a necessity. The current study investigated the effectiveness of aerobic exercise on depression, automatic thought, dysfunctional assumption, and the early maladaptive schemas of depressed students.
In this randomized clinical trial study, the subjects were 48 students who were met depression criteria by structured clinical interview (DSM-IV-TR). The obtained data was analysed through conducting descriptive statistics (frequency and mean of standard deviation) and the inferential statistics (ANCOVA) via SPSS 16.
There was a significant difference between the mean of subjects’ scores in depression female (P= 0.009), and male (p=0.021). Although there was decreased between the mean of subjects’ scores in Automatic Thought and Dysfunctional assumption, but this difference was not significant. There was a significant difference between the mean of subjects’ scores in vulnerability to harm or illness (P : Totally, the results indicated that aerobic exercise can be effective as a treatment or an additional psychological and medication treatment for depression.

Students learn similarly in terms of ability and talent, but they have many differences in academic achievement. These differences can be shown not only in school lessons but also in other extra-curricular activities. The present study aims to investigate the factors affecting academic motivation and achievement motivation in students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.
In this analytical, cross-sectional study, the study sample included all students of KUMS studying in various majors in the academic year 2013-2014. A total of 296 (135 male and 161 female) students were selected through stratified random sampling. Herman’s achievement motivation scale, Vallerand’s academic motivation scale, and factors affecting checklist were used to collect data. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS-18 software using descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (binary regression).
Binary regression analysis showed that among studied variables, future better jobs (P=0.01, Beta=0.509) and educational facilities (P=0.02, Beta=2.46) could play important roles in factors affecting students’ achievement motivation, and having a positive self-image (P=0.04, Beta=0.501) and tendency to optimism about personal abilities (P=0.001, Beta=5.52) could play important roles in factors affecting students’ academic motivation.
According to the results, it is suggested that consideration should be given to improve the academic achievement of educational facilities; also, the importance of self-efficacy of the students should be noted more. Moreover, motivational workshops on increasing academic motivation of students should be held by universities.