seyed saeed moosavi

Alfalfa stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) is one of the most important and destructive pests of economic crops such as alfalfa, garlic, onion and tulip. The effects of Saponins from the aerial parts of six alfalfa ecotypes on the mortality of alfalfa stem nematode was investigated under laboratory conditions. In this study. The results showed that among the crude Saponin treatments, the amount of 90 microliters from the Hamedani and Faiz ecotypes had the highest effect with 96% and the amount of 50 microliters from the local Miandoab ecotype 42% had the least effect on the nematode mortality. Also, among the pure Saponins, the amount of 50 microliters of Hamedani, Shiraz–Plycross and Faiz ecotypes with 99%, and the amount of 10 microliters of Nishaburi ecotype with 68% had the highest and lowest effect, respectively, on the mortality of the nematode. In most ecotypes, increasing the concentrations of crude Saponin from 50 to 90 microliters and pure Saponin from 10 to 50 microliters causing 54% and 31% mortalities led to an increase in nematode mortality. It means there is a positive correlation between alfalfa stem nematode mortality and the raw and pure Saponin concentration of alfalfa ecotypes. Subsequently, Hamedani, Faiz and Polycross Shiraz ecotypes showed the highest effect and Miandoab and Nishaburi local ecotypes showed the least effect on the mortality of this nematode. .

This research aimed to study the relationship between different phenological traits with grain yield and investigate the effectiveness of these traits in single plant selection in quinoa, which was done based on a randomized complete block design. Grain yield per plant showed the most significant positive correlation with day-to physiological maturity and grain filling period and the most significant negative correlation with day-to-ten leaves and day-to germination.  Day-to physiological maturity, day-to-ten leaves (with negative coefficient), and grain filling period were entered into the regression model. The two traits of day-to-ten leaves and day-to physiological maturity had the most direct negative and positive effects on grain yield changes, respectively. The most indirect positive effect was related to the grain filling period, due to the increase in day-to physiological maturity. The distribution of genotypes in all four biplot areas indicated high genetic diversity of genotypes. The favorite genotypes (16, 8, 15, and 14) had the highest amount of traits of day-to physiological maturity, grain filling period, and day-to milky grain and were located in the favorable area of the biplot. According to the results of the cluster analysis, these genotypes were located in the "grain yield cluster". On the contrary, unfavorable genotypes (2, 7, and 12) had the highest day-to-ten leaves, day-to-germination, and day-to-four leaves. In general, the selection to increase the day-to physiological maturity and the grain filling period and the selection against the day-to-ten leaves and the day-to germination will improve the yield per plant of quinoa.