seyedahmad seyedalinaghi

In January 2020, WHO declared the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) a pandemic. Though COVID- 19 vaccines are recommended, ongoing surveillance is crucial due to potential unforeseen events. Evaluation of longterm effectiveness and safety and addressing emerging variants are vital. This study integrates systematic reviews to assess COVID-19 vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety comprehensively.

This study was an umbrella review study on the feasibility and effectiveness of vaccines for COVID-19. We conducted a comprehensive search in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus, using MeSH terms and keywords related to COVID-19 vaccines. Inclusion criteria comprised peer-reviewed systematic reviews and meta-analyses in English, focusing on feasibility and effectiveness. Exclusion criteria targeted non-systematic reviews exclusively on vaccine safety and duplicates. Two independent reviewers screened and resolved discrepancies. Data extraction included key details. Methodological quality was assessed using the ROBIS tool. Data synthesis involves narrative and, if applicable, quantitative synthesis (metaanalysis). Reporting followed PRISMA guidelines.

A total of 32 systematic reviews were included in the study, of which 20 also conducted a meta-analysis. The studies investigated in the included reviews ranged from 7 to 74. The included articles were conducted in various countries around the globe. The findings indicated that COVID-19 vaccines are generally safe and effective for individuals with various medical conditions. The overall risk of bias for the included studies was assessed as low risk.

The study outcomes indicated that mRNA vaccines exhibit a higher incidence of adverse events but demonstrate greater efficacy. Conversely, inactivated and protein subunit vaccines are safer but exhibit lower efficiency. Moreover, the vaccine is considered safe for individuals with specific conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, solid organ transplant recipients, children, pregnant individuals, and those with hematologic problems. Ultimately, the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine among individuals is influenced by various factors, including geographic, socioeconomic, and pandemic-related considerations.

Many clients referred to accommodation centers and camps are already undergoing antiretroviral treatment after being diagnosed with HIV. Discontinuation or irregular use of medication can lead to treatment failure and drug resistance. This study aimed to investigate the perspectives of experts, key stakeholders, and patients on all aspects of HIV diagnosis, care, and treatment, both within and outside residential facilities.

A focus group discussion lasting an average of 75 minutes was held with 12 experts, and three patients were interviewed individually. This research took place at the Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences in September 2021. The analysis was conducted using content analysis, which involved categorizing data into main categories, sub-categories, and codes. Open code software was utilized for this purpose.

The study uncovered challenges faced by individuals before and after discharge from these facilities (important categories and sub-categories), including financial concerns, a shortage of specialized and knowledgeable staff, lack of understanding among clients regarding medication adherence and treatment benefits, inadequate attention given to clients, absence of follow-up contact information, substance abuse issues, and insufficient prioritization of HIV patients in these settings.

The findings highlight the necessity for new strategies in post-discharge follow-up, as well as the provision of medical, supportive, and educational services. Potential solutions may include providing housing for homeless patients, assisting patients in accessing mental health counseling centers, optimizing existing resources, and fostering a community environment that actively fights against stigma and discrimination.

 Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest and most well-known diseases that has been associated with humans for many years and remains a global health challenge today. Timely diagnosis and proper treatment are crucial for controlling and preventing the spread of the disease. While anti-TB drugs offer many benefits, inadequate monitoring can lead to a range of side effects, including hepatotoxicity, which is a major concern and can cause treatment discontinuation. The aim of this study was to determine the approach to the hepatotoxicity of anti-TB drugs and to investigate potential relationships between demographic factors, underlying medical conditions, and successful retreatment outcomes for hepatotoxicity induced by anti-TB drugs.

 For this study, we reviewed the medical records of patients who experienced hepatotoxicity due to anti-TB treatment and were admitted to the infectious ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital between April 2015 and February 2019. The data were collected using a questionnaire.

 The findings indicated that the female gender, weight loss at the beginning of hospitalization, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus (HBV), heart disease, and high levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) at the beginning of hepatotoxicity are risk factors for failure to the retreatment of hepatotoxicity. There were two different approaches to the anti-TB retreatment regimen. The first approach involved gradually starting the drugs in full dose, while the second approach encompassed starting the drugs in the minimum dose and then increasing to the maximum dose. The results demonstrated no significant difference between the two approaches to managing hepatotoxicity induced by anti-TB drugs.

 Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is a common occurrence that often results in treatment discontinuation. Understanding the prevalence of this complication and identifying appropriate methods of rechallenge treatment is crucial to reducing complications and mortality rates.

Job burnout is more frequent in stressful and high-risk jobs. Healthcare workers, especially Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) workers and therapists, are more exposed to job burnout. This study aimed to compare the burnout rate among the staff and therapists working in behavioral disease counseling centers and health centers in 9 provinces of Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 9 provinces of Iran from January 2020 to March 2020. For this research, 94 VCT workers as the experimental group, and 103 public clinic workers participated as the available sampling group. To collect the data, the Meslesh questionnaire was used and descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, etc.) and inferential methods were applied for statistical analysis (t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test, chi - square test and Spearman correlation test). (P< 0.05)

Our finding showed that 33% of health center workers and 32% of VCT workers had burnout, but the difference was not statistically significant. Most Health Center (HC) workers who showed burnout were working in the southern province of Iran (Bushehr and Bandar Abbas), and the most VCT workers who showed burnout were working in the western province of Iran (Kermanshah and Kurdistan).

Although the rate of burnout in the staff of these two centers is very similar, it can be concluded that due to the small number of people referred to AIDS centers compared to the large number of patients in health centers, working with people with HIV/AIDS is so difficult.

Chatbots, computer programs emulating natural language conversations, have gained attention in healthcare. Recent advances address issues like obesity, dementia, oncology, and insomnia. A comprehensive assessment of their utility is essential for widespread adoption. This study aims to summarize chatbots' role in healthcare.

The methodology involved a systematic review of English-language literature up to May 8, 2023, from databases of Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Selection followed a two-step process based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. The PRISMA checklist and AMSTAR-2 tool ensured quality.

The review encompassed 38 articles. Findings reveal chatbots primarily promote healthy lifestyles, improving mental well-being. They are widely used for treatment, education, and screening due to their accessibility.

Chatbots hold transformative potential in healthcare, especially in mental health, cancer management, and public health. They are poised to revolutionize the industry, offering innovative solutions and improving patient outcomes. 

 Substance use is recognized as an important factor associated with many diseases and premature deaths and the main risk factor for disability worldwide. This study aims to identify subgroups of substance use in adults and detect the effect of imprisonment on the membership of participants in latent classes of substance use.

Study Design:

 A cross-sectional study.

 This study was performed on 930 adult people who were referred to behavioral health counseling centers in Tehran province. All participants completed some checklists and questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, and latent class analysis (LCA).

 Four latent classes were identified, including non-users (58%), cigarette smokers (11.6%), users of low stigma substances (27.4%), and drug users (3.1%). After adjusting for other studied variables, having a history of imprisonment increased the odds of membership in the cigarette smoker class (Odds ratio [OR]=5.82, 95%, confidence interval [CI]: 3.19-10.63) and drug user class (OR=53.59, 95% CI: 18.00- 159.52) compared to non-user class. Among all participants, 84 (9.0%) had a history of imprisonment.

 Results from the present study indicate that 30.5% of the participants fell under the user of the low-stigma substance or drug user group. Focusing on increasing prisoner’s knowledge of the dangers of using different substances and considering various programs for prisoners’ leisure time may help reduce substance use prevalence.

Acute pancreatitis, a potentially fatal disease, with symptoms including nausea and/or vomiting, indigestion, and abdominal pain, is known to range from a mild self-limiting state up to a more severe and lethal form. This review aims toprovide a clearer picture to improve understanding the role of viral agents in the development of acute pancreatitis.Common databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were used for the literature search. In this review search terms including virus, viral, infection, and specific descriptive terms for a virus were considered in different combinations. Various causative agents are recognized in the development of acute pancreatitis as one of the most frequent gastrointestinal diseases, such as gallstones, alcoholism, and hypertriglyceridemia. Microbial pathogens with about 10% of acute pancreatitis cases, mainly viruses, among other factors, are thought to play a role in this regard. Once the pancreatitis diagnosis has been made, depending on thecausative agent, the management approach and specific interventions affect the final outcome. Virus-induced acute pancreatitis in patients should be considered. Advanced diagnostic tests such as PCR, in situ hybridization, and biopsy can help for a betterunderstanding of the role of viruses in causing acute pancreatitis. Improvement in the tests will lead to timely diagnosis, treatment, and better management of pancreatitis.

In addition to morbidity and mortality, the COVID-19 pandemic affected various fields such as medical and academic education. The purpose of this study was to investigate the types of social media used in medical and academic education and identify their advantages and disadvantages.

A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted to identify published studies related to the effects of social media on medical and academic education during the COVID-19 pandemic. The retrieved records were screened in a two-step process; first by title/abstract and then by full text by two independent researchers and the most relevant studies were selected applying the eligibility criteria.

Facebook, YouTube, Zoom, WhatsApp, Moodle, and Skype were the most used platforms. The main purpose of using these applications was to provide distance education to students in the pandemic era. The advantages of using online platforms outweighed the disadvantages. Advantages include the availability of information at any time and place, maintaining communication between students and classmates and instructors, and the possibility of presenting conferences and assignments. Disadvantages comprised infrastructure and internet problems.

Social media and messengers have a great potential to meet educational purposes in the epidemic era. Although online platforms can serve as an efficient public repository of learning resources, achieving this needs some prerequisite and infrastructural tasks.

Afghanistan experiences a significant maternal mortality rate, which could be mitigated through the empowerment of women and increased social support. This study aimed to explore the relationship between empowerment and social support among pregnant women seeking care at governmental hospitals in Kabul City, Afghanistan.

A cross-sectional study was conducted in 4 governmental hospitals in Kabul, Afghanistan, in 2020. Through a convenient sampling, 428 pregnant women were recruited. The Kameda empowerment (Cronbach α=0.89) was used to measure woman empowerment. Sarason social support questionnaires with two subscales, including social support number (Cronbach α=0.95) and social support satisfaction (Cronbach α=0.96), were used to collect the study data. Then, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 16, and the Pearson correlation test determined the association between variables at the significance level of P<0.05.

The study participants’ Mean±SD age was 26.55±5 years. Many were illiterate (28.3%), and more than half (79.7%) were homemakers. Almost two-thirds had no sources of income (71.3%). The Mean±SD gestational age was 32.16±5.04 weeks, and 77.6% of participants wanted their pregnancy. The Mean±SD score for empowerment from 428 research samples was 85.48±9.02, for social support number was 5.49±0.65 (which indicates the low number of people who support women), and for social support satisfaction was 1.5±0.43 (which indicates a low level of social support satisfaction). Empowerment had a positive significant relationship with social support satisfaction (r=0.157, P=0.01) and social support number (r=0.129, P=0.007).

Given the significant positive relationship between empowerment and social support in pregnant Afghan women, the low scores of social support call for more attention to the special needs of Afghan women to enhance the social safety net and improve social support, particularly among pregnant women, and eventually enhance the empowerment and reduce the maternal mortality rate among them.

Introduction:

Several clinical manifestations have been discovered for COVID-19 since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2,which can be classified into early, medium, and long-term complications. However, late complications can be presentafter recovery from acute COVID-19 illness. The present study aims to comprehensively review the available evidenceof late complications related to COVID-19.

A search was conducted, using keywords, through electronicdatabases, which included Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase up to August 29, 2022. Study selection wasperformed according to a strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviewsand Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist was followed, and studies were appraised using the National Institute of Health(NIH) quality assessment and risk of bias tool.

In total, 50 studies were included, and nine distinct COVID-19late complication categories were identified. A review of these studies revealed that neurologic and psychiatric (n=41),respiratory (n=27), musculoskeletal and rheumatologic (n=22), cardiovascular (n=9), and hepatic and gastrointestinal(n=6) complications were the most prevalent complications of long COVID-19.

Almost all human bodysystems are affected by late complications of COVID-19 with different severity and prevalence. Fatigue and some otherneuropsychiatric symptoms are the most common late complications among long COVID-19 patients. Respiratorysymptoms including dyspnea (during exercise), cough, and chest tightness were the next most prevalent long-termcomplications of COVID-19. Since these complications are persistent and late, being aware of the signs and symptomsis essential for the healthcare providers and patients.

Numerous comorbidities are involved in the severity of the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hypothyroidism’s impact on COVID-19 is yet to be adequately understood. Thyroid disorders are thought to play a role in the development and progress of COVID-19. This study aimed to determine the frequency of hypothyroidism among COVID-19 patients in hospitalized patients.

This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Tehran City, Iran. Demographic information and other specified data related to our research, mainly comorbidities, were collected using a structured questionnaire from electronic patient health records. A total of 493 medical records of COVID-19 patients were used for this study according to the inclusion criteria. Subsequently, the data were analyzed with SPSS, version 25, using descriptive and analytic statistics.

The prevalence of hypothyroidism was 13.2% (n=65) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. This was higher (13.4% vs 2.3%) compared with the prevalence of hypothyroidism in the general Iranian population. Overall, in patients with hypothyroidism, about 21 patients (32.3%) expired, of whom 14 patients (66.7%) were female, and 7 (33.3%) were male. In these patients, no statistically significant difference was observed between the expired and discharged groups (Adjusted Odds Ratio: 1.04; 95% CI 0.59-1.83; P=0.87). As a result, hypothyroidism was not linked to an increased risk of death.

Hypothyroidism in hospitalized COVID-19 patients appears to be low. However, it seems more prevalent in the female gender but without significant adverse effects on the risk of mortality from this disease.

 Due to the lack of definitive treatments for corona disease and the use of various medications in protocols around the world, it is necessary to conduct more epidemiological studies exploring the effect of different available therapeutic regimes; therefore, the present study aimed to explore the current effective drugs for the treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

 The present study is a descriptive-analytical study that was conducted between August and September of 2021 at Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences. A convenient sampling method was employed to retrieve the data from the available hospital records, including 252 documents from COVID-19 hospitalized patients. A researcher-made checklist was used to record the data. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26 software.

 The findings showed that Hypertension and Hypotension (n=47,18.7%) are the most common underlying diseases in the study sample. The most therapeutic regimen was the combination of Remdesivir and Dexametason (n=137,54.4%) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. There are a variety of organ involvements and presentations to the COVID-19; however, most patients experience a mild-to-moderate, self-limited disease; even though, the disease could progress to more fatal cases and lead to death. 

 The main pathology exists in the lungs which are caused by an inappropriate immune response that leads to a severe inflammatory response. Therefore, antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs are currently the first-line therapy for hospitalized patients.

We conducted this study to determine the safety and evidence of effectiveness of SeptimebTM among patients with COVID-19.

An uncontrolled phase II clinical trial with SeptimebTM was implemented in Imam Khomeini Hospital as a before-and-after trial during May to October 2020. Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 33 patients with COVID-19 were treated using SeptimebTM. The patients received the anti-inflammatory drug 150 mg /10 ml /IV infusion SeptimebTM on the first day and then 300 mg /20 ml / IV infusion from the second day onwards for at least 2 days and up to 13 days based on the improvement of clinical symptoms and laboratory findings in addition to treatment which were selected according to the national protocol. The patients were then evaluated for the treatment efficacy and side effects. Adherence to treatment, clinical observations, and side effects were recorded before and after the treatment.

The herbal drug SeptimebTM was injected in phase two of an uncontrolled clinical trial on 33 patients with COVID-19 in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran as a before-and-after trial. The number of new cases admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and the new need to Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV) ecreased compared to before the treatment. Also, blood oxygen saturation and platelet count increased. Conversely, CRP, ESR, and ferritin levels decreased (p<0.05). Besides, SeptimebTM did not show any serious side effects except recurrent thrombophlebitis during the treatment.

We found some evidence regarding the efficacy of this drug and its low amount of short term side effects. The investigators recommend conducting the third phase of the clinical trial.

 Technologies can predict various aspects of COVID-19, such as early prediction of cases and those ‎at higher risks of severe disease. Predictions will yield numerous benefits and can result in a lower number of cases ‎and deaths. Herein, we aimed to review the published models and techniques that predict various ‎COVID-19 outcomes and identify their role in the management of the COVID-19.‎ 

 This study was a review identifying the prediction models and techniques for management of the COVID-19. Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed were searched from December 2019 until ‎September 4th, 2021. In addition, Google Scholar was also searched.‎ 

 We have reviewed 59 studies. The authors reviewed prediction techniques in COVID-19 disease ‎management. Studies in these articles have shown that in the section medical setting, most of the subjects were ‎inpatients. In the purpose of the prediction section, mortality was also the most item. In the type of data/predict ‎section, basic patient information, demographic, and laboratory values were the most cases. Also, in the type of ‎technique section, logistic regression was the most item used. Training, internal and external validation, and cross-validation were among the issues raised in the type of validation section.‎ 

 Artificial intelligence and machine learning methods were found to be useful in disease control and ‎prevention. They accelerate the process of diagnosis and move toward great progress in emergency ‎circumstances like the COVID-19 pandemic.‎

Daily life functioning refers to the skills needed to independently perform day to day routines and deficits of daily life functioning common among people living with HIV. This study aimed to investigate the role of immunologic, virologic, cognitive functioning, and demographic variables to predict daily life function in HIV-infected individuals.

We recruited 67 HIV-positive individuals who were under the treatment of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) in Imam Khomeini hospital, Tehran, Iran, in 2016. Prospective-retrospective memory questionnaire (PRMQ), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living interview (IADLs), and flow cytometry test to assess CD4 count were used. The data were analyzed with stepwise regression analysis using SPSS-22 software.

The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that the prospective/retrospective memory complaints are predictive of daily functioning in people living with HIV (p<0.001, F (1,42) =26.86, R2 adj=0.381). Our results also indicated that CD4 cell count, viral load, age, gender, and education do not predict instrumental activities of daily living scores among HIV-infected individuals (p>0.05).

Future studies should focus on the effects of prospective/retrospective memory rehabilitation to improve the daily function of HIV-infected individuals. Future studies should also focus on the mediating role of muscle mass decreases between the association of daily life functioning with CD4 and viral load.

To find different variables involved in the hospitalization of patients referred to the respiratory Emergency Room (ER) at the time of COVID-19 pandemic.

A questionnaire was designed to determine different hypothetical factors involved in the hospitalization of 3481 patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study suggests that the following factors/variables are involved in the hospitalization of patients: age, respiratory distress, duration of symptoms, cough, 5-day-prolonged fever, diabetes mellitus, respiratory diseases, renal conditions, history of chemotherapy, saturation of blood oxygen, sore throat, and fever.

We found that through having an insight towards what may and may not be involved in the severity of the novel coronavirus infection, one might be able to decide if a patient could potentially benefit from hospitalization.

Nowadays, doing any activity at any level without having specialized knowledge in that special field is impossible. The practice and implementation of crisis management including reduction, preparedness, response, and reconstruction requires the knowledge compatible with any measure which puts into practice all the existing and accessible information in its best way. Based on these facts, the present research investigates the relationship between specialties of managers and crisis management function in hospitals in Tehran. The present study was conducted through survey method of research with a descriptive-analytical and correlational design. The statistical population included personnel working in hospitals in Tehran. For sampling procedure, randomized sampling was used. Based on Cochran formula, the size of samples was determined which included 80 hospital personnel encompassing 20 crisis management specialists.  Considering the results obtained, there was a significant relationship between managers’ expertise and crisis management performance (p<0.005, R = 0.24). According to the regression analysis, 6% of the changes in crisis management performance were associated with the managers’ expertise. Given the relationship between the managers’ expertise and the performance of crisis management in Tehran Hospitals, it seems that with more focus on the expertise of hospital managers and the importance of training and skills of managers in appointing them to managerial positions, crisis management in hospitals has been more successful.

COVID-19 has led to the demand for finding effective antiviral agents. Preliminary experiments showed Umifenovir inhibit replication in vivo. There is limited data on the clinical efficacy of COVID-19-infected pneumonia. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate this medication based on clinical findings. The present study was designed to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of Umifenovir and compared to empirical treatments. For this purpose, multi-stage sampling was considered. 56 people who had mild-to-moderate symptoms without signs of pneumonia, were selected by accidental non-random sampling method and divided into two groups [(group A with Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and group B in combination with Umifenovir] by randomized block sampling (1:1). During the study, three patients left the case group. Their clinical signs and symptoms were evaluated on 3rd, 7th, and 14th day after taking these medicines in the disease course. The SPSS software was used for data analysis and the significance level was considered to be p<0.05. On the seventh day after visiting the patients, there were statistically significant differences in recuperation dry cough (p=0.001), weakness (p=0.004), gastrointestinal symptoms (p=0.043) and shortness of breath (p=0.001) between the two groups so that group B patients (HCQ and Umifenovir) had a faster recovery. In patients treated with HCQ and Umifenovir compared to the control group, myalgia (p=0.03), gastrointestinal symptoms (p=0.047) and weakness (p=0.007) improved significantly earlier during the illness. Evaluation of the clinical findings in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients’ symptoms was performed and it was shown that recuperation was faster in the group who received both HCQ and Umifenovir.

AIDS is one of the largest deadly and chronic infectious diseases in the world. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of group training with a positive approach and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on the psychological well-being and productivity of people with HIV.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study. For this purpose, 45 people with HIV were randomly selected and divided into three groups of 15 people (Positive group training, ACT, and control). Reef's psychological well-being questionnaire and Connor-Davidson Resilience scale were administered for all three groups (pre-test). The participants of the experimental groups were trained in eight sessions of 90 minutes. Two weeks after the training, the post-test was performed. In order to analyze the data, covariance analysis was used.

The results showed that positive group training and ACT were effective in promoting psychological well-being and resilience. Based on the findings, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of positive group training and ACT on psychological well-being and resilience of patients with HIV.

In summary, the results showed that both approaches (training of positive Approach and ACT) have beneficial effects on the lives of people living with HIV.

Nail disorders present with a wide range of manifestations. The problems associated with nail biopsiesmake the diagnosis even more challenging. Identifying the most common features of each nail disorder can prevent unnecessary biopsies and facilitate early diagnosis. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 528 pathology reports, documented from March 2018 to March 2019 in the Razi Dermatopathology Hospital, Tehran, Iran. We extracted the demographic data and the nails’ clinical and pathologic presentations. We used Fisher’s exact test to determine the nail features’ clinicopathological correlations. The mean age of the 359 included patients was 38.81 ± 18.11 years, and 50.81% were male. Benign melanonychia (12.82%), traumatic nail (11.96%), and junctional nevus (11.11%) were the most prevalent disorders. Onycholysis (P < 0.001), longitudinal ridges (P < 0.001), subungual hyperkeratosis (P = 0.003), dystrophy (P = 0.017), discoloration (P = 0.052), and pitting (P < 0.001) correlated significantly with nail psoriasis. The presence of subungual hyperkeratosis, onycholysis, and longitudinal ridges significantly increased the odds of nail lichen planus. Only 6.79% of patients with longitudinal melanonychia had malignant melanoma, while most (26.54%) correlated with benign melanonychia. A detailed examination can narrow the differential diagnosis and avert unnecessary biopsies. However, in high-risk cases, physicians should regularly monitor the nails’ changes and response to treatment.

The rapid spread and high mortality rate of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have recently received worldwide attention. Understanding the pathologic features and behavior of this new virus can help control its spread. The present study aimed to compare SARS-CoV-2 with other similar viruses.This study is a systematic review of current evidence conducted in September 2020. A search was carried out utilizing the keywords in the online databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science. The original peer-reviewed papers written in English that met the eligibility criteria were included in the final report.In this study, we compared SARS-CoV-2 with similar viruses such as influenza, Zika, Ebola, HIV, SARS-COV, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses (MERS-COV) in the features such as envelope structure, risk factors, duration of the disease, common symptoms, and treatments. Moreover, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has many similarities with the other viruses explained in the present study. However, there are still controversies about the virus’s behavior.Although there are similarities between the abovementioned viruses, the scientific community should also pay special attention to distinct features of SARS-CoV-2, particularly the high probability of transmission in the human population, which causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Future studies are needed further to explore the biological and epidemiological behavior of this virus.

Controversies existed regarding the duration of COVID-19 vaccines’ protection and whether receiving the usual vaccine doses would be sufficient for long-term immunity. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the studies regarding the COVID-19 vaccines’ protection three months after getting fully vaccinated and assess the need for vaccine booster doses.

The relevant literature was searched using a combination of keywords on the online databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane on September 17th, 2021. The records were downloaded and the duplicates were removed. Then, the records were evaluated in a two-step process, consisting of title/abstract and full-text screening processes, and the eligible records were selected for the qualitative synthesis. We only included original studies that evaluated the efficacy and immunity of COVID-19 vaccines three months after full vaccination. This review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement to ensure the reliability of results.

Out of the 797 retrieved records, 12 studies were included, 10 on mRNA-based vaccines and two on inactivated vaccines. The majority of included studies observed acceptable antibody titers in most of the participants even after 6 months; however,it appeared that the titers could also decrease in a considerable portion of people. Due to the reduction in antibody titers and vaccine protection, several studies suggested administering the booster dose, especially for older patients and those with underlying conditions, such as patients with immunodeficiencies.

Studies indicated that vaccine immunity decreases over time, making people more susceptible to contracting the disease. Besides, new variants are emerging, and the omicron variant is continuing to spread and escape from the immune system, indicating the importance of a booster dose.

Knowledge of the safety of vaccines is crucial, both to prevent and cure them and to decrease the public hesitation in receiving vaccines. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review the adverse events reported for inactivated vaccines and Novavax.

In this systematic review, the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science were searched on September 15, 2021. Then we identified the eligible studies using a two-step title/abstract and full-text screening process. Data on the subjects, studies, and types of adverse events were extracted and entered in a word table, including serious, mild, local, and systemic adverse events as well as the timing of side effects’ appearance.

Adverse effects of inactivated coronavirus vaccines side effects were reported from phases 1, 2, and 3 of the vaccine trials. The most common local side effects included injection site pain and swelling, redness, and pruritus. Meanwhile, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, fever, and gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain and diarrhea were among the most common systemic adverse effects.

This systematic review indicates that inactivated COVID-19 vaccines, including Sinovac, Sinopharm, and Bharat Biotech, as well as the protein subunit vaccines (Novavax) can be considered as safe choices due to having milder side effects and fewer severe life-threatening adverse events.

Knowledge of vaccine-related adverse events is crucial as they are among the most important fac-tors that cause hesitation in receiving vaccines. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the adverse eventsrelated to the mRNA vaccines reported in the literature.

A systematic literature search was carried outin the databases of Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science. We selected original studies that exploredthe side effects of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines using a two-phase (title/abstract and full-text) screening process.

Cardiac complications were the most commonly reported severe adverse events. It appeared that sys-temic adverse reactions are more common after the second dose of vaccines. The number of adverse effectsreported after the Pfizer vaccine was higher than other vaccines, mostly due to its earlier approval and morewidespread use throughout the world. Cardiac adverse events had a higher prevalence but no significant associ-ation has been found between COVID-19 mRNA vaccines and cardiac adverse events except for myopericarditis.

Vaccines play a crucial role in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic and decreasing mortalities andthe results of the present review acknowledge the fact that the benefits outweigh the adverse events of thesevaccines