فهرست مطالب seyyed abdollah razavi

Human development indicators are one of the most important criteria for the development of societies. Since women make up half of the population of any society, their participation in development is very important. One of the most important fields of women's participation is economic participation. The current research has analyzed the policies of women's employment in Scandinavian countries (Sweden and Norway), Muslim countries (Turkey and Iran) and its consequences with a comparative policy research approach. The results show the greater participation of women in the economy of the Scandinavian countries, despite challenges such as the weakening of the family system in Sweden and the existence of restrictions such as the glass ceiling in Norway. The participation rate of women in the economy of Islamic countries is lower than that of Scandinavian countries. The important issue in Turkey is the high rate of people who are neither students nor employed (the highest rate among OECD countries). The rate of economic participation of educated women in Turkey (year 2018) is reported as 71% and for men as 89%, which shows the gender gap in this index. In Iran, higher education is one of the factors that facilitate the entry of women into the labor market and has led to a decrease in unemployment among urban women (3%) compared to rural women (1398). In Islamic countries, women's economic participation has been neglected; Therefore, the policies adopted in this field in Iran need to be reviewed.

Financial markets and oil exchanges and their expectations play a major role in understanding oil price changes. To analyze and understand how crude oil prices change, it is important to pay attention to these markets. In IRAN, the International Deputy of National Oil Company determines the price of Iranian oil by using different pricing methods and mechanisms. One of the factors they use for pricing is the price of oil in the FOB Persian Gulf region, including the oil price of Dubai and Oman oil exchanges.The current pricing models of Iran's crude oil prices in the East Asian market have not yet taken into account the role of stock exchanges and capital markets in price calculations. Current method of determination of the price of Iranian crude oil in Asia, it uses the price of index oil in the physical market and the price of index oil in the stock market of that region. This article examines the impact of the financial layers of the Dubai crude oil market on the price of Iranian crude oil and the extent to which thebehavior of the price of Iranian crude oil in the Asian market affects the financial markets of Asia such as the Dubai Stock Exchange.

 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

The Asian oil market is one of the largest markets in the world and the largest oil customers such as China, India, etc. are located in this region. Also, this market is one of the largest customers even in the condition of Iran's oil embargo, so investigating various financial factors and market structure of competitive and leading crude oil in the Asian market is one of the important issues in maintaining the country's oil market. If the country's oil price formula is developed based on the oil considerations of other competitors, it will have the characteristic of being competitive with other producers in this region. On the other hand, maintaining the market share in the Asian market depends on the price formula that takes into account the most considerations of the capital market (stocks in this region) along with the fluctuations in the price of crude oil indicators in this market.

In this research, the multivariate GARCH method and daily time series data of 2010-2019 are used to investigate the impact of the financial structure of the Asian oil market on the price of Iranian oil.

The price of Iranian crude oil in the Asian market is dependent on the financial markets of Dubai index crude oil, and as expected, using the Brent market structure in the ICE exchange for the pricing of Iranian crude oil in the Asian market gives a wrong signal because the European crude oil exchange market has a significant effect on the price of crude oil. Iran has no market in the East and this is despite what is usually said in academic societies. On the other hand, due to the regional nature of the oil market, the price of regional crude oil influences the Iranian oil market, and the stock market has a regional effect on the price of crude oil.

CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

In this research, three markets were examined; the Oil market, the Tokyo stock market and the Iranian crude oil market in the East Asia region. First, a shock is created in the stock market. With the effect of policy changes, market expectations are changed and price shocks are created in the stock market. The effect of turbulence in one market is transferred to other markets. Every shock in one market creates a positive impulse in another market. In other words, if the fluctuations in the futures market (Dubai Stock Exchange) increase, the price of Iranian crude oil will also increase in the market and have a positive effect on the fluctuations.Based on the findings of this research, it can be stated that oil exchanges play an important, influential and positive role in determining the price of Iranian crude oil, and any fluctuation in the market structure of oil exchanges will cause fluctuations in the price of Iranian crude oil. Also, the price of Iranian crude oil in the Asian market is a function of the structure of the oil market (contango or backward).The Ministry of Petroleum, especially the international affairs of the National Iranian Oil Company, should pay attention to the developments of the oil market regionally, the connection of the capital and futures markets in crude oil pricing, oil sales negotiations, marketing and conclusion of oil sales contracts. Also, it is suggested to modify the traditional pricing models in the Asian market in such a way that in the oil pricing formulas in the Asian market, especially the changes in the future prices of the index crude oil of this region and its stock market and the financial structure of the oil market of Dubai and Oman are also taken into account.  Also, in the pricing formula of Iranian oil in the Asian market, in addition to the role of Saudi Arabia as a competitor, use the variables of the model used in the current article. It is also suggested that the international affairs of the National Oil Company pay attention to futures contract transactions in paper exchanges in this Asian market to cover the risk caused by crude oil price fluctuations. In short-term and long-term budget planning of the government should pay attention to the relationship between capital markets and oil futures with the oil market, especially in this region; have such models and use them in their policies. The central bank of IRAN also has models to explain the behavior of crude oil prices in the market so that it can control the currency fluctuations that are mainly caused by the fluctuations of the financial markets and the oil market. The Budget Management and Planning Organization needs to estimate the price of crude oil in the annual budget to calculate the country's annual income, and also to implement development plans, it is necessary to estimate oil revenues and oil prices. Based on the analysis of financial factors, they can have a more correct analysis of the price of oil.For further studies, other target markets for the sale of crude oil (including the Mediterranean and North American markets) and other grades of Iranian crude oil in those markets can be examined. It is better to use other econometric methods, for example, IGARCH, ARFIMA and FIGARCH methods for estimation. In the same way, I suggest that in the next studies, the interest rate and the dollar rate, as well as the effects of other stock exchanges, should be considered as a variable, and the effect of other economic indicators should be investigated, and other non-oil stock market items can also be added to the model and be checked

In order to protect the oil and gas reservoirs and compensate for the decrease in their annual production level, maintenance and increase projects are defined and implemented. Providing the necessary financial resources for these projects will maintain the level of production and, accordingly, oil revenues, as well as providing the energy needed by the country. The conventional way of financing oil industry projects is through internal company resources and investment. In recent years, due to the inadequacy of the internal financial resources of the company and the restrictions caused by the imposition of oppressive sanctions against the country, various financing methods have been proposed and used for upstream oil projects. The purpose of this research is to choose the optimal method of investment and financing of maintenance and production increase projects among the available methods. For this purpose, after forming a panel of experts and identifying the methods that can be used to finance the studied projects, using the method of content analysis, the criteria for choosing the appropriate financing method were identified, and then weighting and ranking of the financing methods were carried out using the best and worst criteria and TOPSIS methods. From the total of eight criteria identified in this research, the risk-taking of the provider of financial resources, the adaptation of the repayment time to the outgoing cash flow and the flexibility of accepting guarantees in the order of the highest relative weights and criteria of the investment horizon, the adaptation of the payment time of financial resources to the construction period of the project, the access time to resources Finance, the amount of finance that can be provided, and the cost of financing had lower relative weights in order. Finally, among the sources identified for financing projects to maintain and increase the production of oil and gas fields, providing financial resources through the project fund, internal resources of the company and Sukuk bonds, respectively, as the best methods, and the national development fund and bank loans are the next priorities.

The oil and gas industry is probably the most important industry in the world. By growing demands of energy, the need for executing oil and gas projects becomes more than ever. Mega projects in this industry have certain characteristic such as being investment intensive, multi objective, owners, investors, vendors and contracts, risk and uncertainties and etc. Nowadays, knowledge-based organizations play important role in oil and gas industry. Due to the expansion and growth of project-oriented knowledge-based organizations, one of the important issues in these organizations is the optimal selection of the project portfolio. The problem is how to choose the optimal project portfolio. In this research you will find how to establish an optimal project portfolio and with respect to organization constraints. At the end, the methodology is applied as a case study in TEC company- an active project-oriented knowledge-based organization in upstream oil and gas industry in Iran.

Today, Research and Development (R&D) activities in petroleum incubators are of vital importance and it is necessary to investigate different ways of commercializing the patents of these activities. The formulation of petroleum incubator strategy and coordinating it with technology strategy and corporate strategy can reduce the technology development and commercialization time period and creates comparative advantages. In this paper we develop an itemized model to draw a bead on the activities of petroleum incubators in a patent portfolio framework and to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of petroleum incubators. The model includes several categorized items that can be taken into account stage by stage. If this model is deployed in steady stages, the petroleum incubator can ensure that every new created idea will commercialize undoubtedly. Moreover, a considerable characteristic of the proposed model is the existence of programs for the patents application in prevailing and new created markets and also commercializing the patents of R&D activities to prevent the accumulation of unused knowledge in petroleum incubators. At the end of the paper, some suggestions to employ the model in real-life situations are recommended.

The purpose of this study is to present a model of risk management and energy insurance in the upstream part of the Iranian Petroleum Industry. The present study is mixed in terms of developmental result, in terms of data nature and in terms of the purpose of an explanatory research. The statistical population in the qualitative research stage included experts and academics in the field of research subject matter as well as experts and managers in the field of oil, gas and petrochemicals who, using targeted reference sampling method, its sampling volume was sufficient or Theoretical saturation continued and finally 32 people were interviewed. At the quantitative research stage, the statistical population included all managers and specialists of major and sub companies in the financial and operational sectors of the oil industry in state-owned oil and gas development and production companies, as well as the sales management of oil shipments, of which 467 oil and gas specialists, 285 people were selected by available and purpose sampling method and the same number of questionnaires were distributed that after collecting the questionnaires, 221 people participated in the research. The results of the study were classified into important components of risk management and energy insurance, including causal, contextual and intervening variables in the field of identifying, measuring, scenario making and risk management strategies and consequences.

The strategy are in the planning of oil price changes in the short and long term. Therefore, producers should seek to analyze the behavior of crude oil prices in the short and long term in order to adjust their plans. the price level in the oil market is associated with high fluctuations, many producers in the market seek to reduce exchange risk. This article aims to analyze the behavior of oil prices in the short and long term in the use of producers in planning, for this purpose it uses the data of the daily series in 2013-2021. It shows that, in the long term, suppliers can plan themselves in the analysis of price behavior instead of financial factors as fundamental financial factors, in a situation where in the short term, producers have more financial impact than fundamental factors in analyzing the behavior of global price to markets.

In this study, by using a relatively complex reservoir model and reservoir simulator, the gas injection process was investigated from two technical and economic perspectives. This reservoir model has 4 production wells and 3 gas injection wells, which are in operational conditions for a period of 15 and 10 years. Since gas injection with higher pressures in the reservoir requires more gas supply to stabilize the pressure, from a technical point of view, the effect of different injection pressures on the improvement of the final recovery factor and cumulative oil production was investigated. The findings show that all gas injection scenarios due to the increase in the oil recovery factor (injection with well bottom pressure in the scenarios of 3750, 4000, 4250, and 4500 psi led to an improvement of 10, 12, 13.7 and 15% respectively) compared to natural depletion (no gas injection in the reservoir) is desirable. From an economic point of view, after sensitivity analysis of the parameters related to production and injection (such as the price of produced oil, the price of produced gas, the cost of injected gas, and the discount rate), the results show that the increase in the price of oil and produced gas increases the economic added value of gas injection projects. Considering various parameters for the price of export gas as well as gas export costs (capital and operational), comparing the added value of gas injection projects with gas export showed that the higher the price of export gas, the more favorable gas export projects are compared to gas injection. Also, as the cost of gas export increases, the desirability of gas export decreases compared to gas injection in the reservoir.

As one of the mother industries, the petrochemical industry is one of the most important pillars of development and the driving engine of various sectors of the country's economy. This industry will achieve several important goals such as increasing export income, expanding downstream industries, creating jobs, and increasing GDP. This importance has been emphasized in the country's upstream documents, such as the general policies of the resistance economy, focusing on the development of petroleum refineries, to prevent the vulnerability of oil and gas revenues by developing the value chain and increasing the export of these products. The current thesis aims to investigate the value chain of the petrochemical industry with the new approach of petrochemical refineries, as well as the pathology and evaluation of the current state of the aforementioned chains in the country with the descriptive research method and the library method using policy research. The results of the research show that the chain of petrochemical products with the approach of creating petrochemical refineries has relatively high advantages compared to focusing on chains with the traditional approach.

OPEC is one of the oldest influential organizations in the oil market, which was formed with aim of regulating and balancing the oil market. Also, the increasing dependence of countries on oil and gas resources has further strengthened the issue of energy security in the field of diplomacy. Iran, as a longtime member and founder of OPEC, has been trying to regulate the market with its major oil producers, members of the organization since its inception. The present article seeks to answer several questions using a qualitative research method with a documentary analysis approach; What are the benefits and harms of Iran's continued membership in OPEC and also is the use of OPEC-based oil diplomacy capacity by Iran an effective strategy or can it be an obstacle to the development of production? Findings show that contrary to opinion of a group of researchers that Iran does not continue to be a member of OPEC in order to remove obstacles to development of production and oil market share, the capacity of diplomacy based on this organization can expand market position and market share and impose oil sanctions. According to results, continuation of membership in OPEC will lead to connection of sanctioned countries in the form of OPEC diplomacy, introduction of Iranian oil alongside the OPEC oil basket in the international market, training of experts. Iran is an expert and influential, using capacity of OPEC to counter sanctions and seek technical and economic cooperation in the field of oil for the country.

Despite numerous concerns from analysts and warnings about the need to reduce its reliance on the sale of fossil fuels, the Islamic Republic of Iran is relying on energy exports. It is a development that immediately has many cultural and social consequences. Such a statement suggests that the need for uninterrupted exports has become a security issue called energy export security. The present study seeks to answer the question that, given the current political and economic conditions, in order to increase the security of the country's international energy markets and increase political-economic achievements, what are the main constraints, requirements and strategies in the field of energy diplomacy? Indicators such as hybrid approach, long-term view of regional energy plans, formation of Deputy Minister of Energy Diplomacy at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, avoidance of duplication and application of inter-organizational cooperation and synergy approach in the domestic arena, active technology diplomacy approach, Regional diversification, the extension of the bargaining model, and domestic empowerment are in the microcosm, and there are four major strategies, including an executive approach to overcoming the Central Asian impasse, requiring a regional view, a strategic view of the western borders, and resistance diplomacy. It is suggested that an energy strategy be adopted in the context of sanctions in order to apply energy security diplomacy. The research method is qualitative and also tries to investigate the main issue of the document analysis approach.

Coinciding with the fortieth anniversary of the Islamic Revolution, the Supreme Leader issued a statement of the second step, which is considered as a roadmap and future needs of Iran and even beyond that, the geopolitical axis of the resistance. In this regard, it is necessary that all political, economic, social, cultural and security pillars of the country, while carefully studying and analyzing and in order to achieve the goals of this statement, define and implement their strategies in line with this statement. Since Iran has long been one of the world's energy producing hubs, active energy diplomacy within the framework of the second step can play an important role in achieving the goals of the revolution, including in the field of energy. Using a qualitative method and documentary analysis approach, the present study seeks to answer the question that from the perspective of the second step statement, what are the central challenges of energy diplomacy and what are the desirable opportunities for energy diplomacy from the perspective of the second step of the Islamic Revolution? The results show that the use of Islamic Resistance diplomacy capacity in the field of energy, concluding favorable contracts, diversifying and using the potential of neighboring countries, using the transmission pipeline route, using a new diplomatic approach and activating the capacity of countries subject to oil sanctions are the most important The requirements in energy diplomacy are in line with the statement.

The analysis of the price formula of the country's crude oil is very important in view of the effective parameters in each market and their price relations with the index-linked crude oil in explaining the country's crude oil price in these regions (Northwest Europe, Mediterranean and Asia). In this regard, Iranian oil rivals such as Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and the like in the Asian market have been trying to gain more market share in Asia by changing the price formula for crude oil. Since it is the responsibility of selling and pricing crude oil to each region with the National Iranian Oil Company, then an examination of the effective parameters in each region can play an important role in determining the appropriate price formula. On the other hand, analyzing the behavior of the price of crude oil in the Asian market, taking into account the largest share of the export market, is effective in controlling the risk caused by fluctuations in crude oil prices and changes in the country's oil revenue. In the present paper, based on monthly data of the 2010-2016 time series and the multivariate GARCH method, the formula for the price of light crude oil of Iran in the Asian market based on the technical parameters of the market in this region is investigated. The results show that the price of Iranian crude oil in the Asian market is due to the quality difference between Saudi Arabia's crude oil and Iran, the amount of Cantago, or the backwardation of the Dubai crude oil market, the average Dubai and Oman crude oil in the Spot market. The tops of light petroleum (light crude oil) indirectly affects the price of light crude oil by influencing Oman and Dubai crude markets. Based on the estimated results, Dubai's crude oil is also a function of Brent crude oil and its behavior is based on changes in the European Market Indicator.

 The main issue of this research emerged when we looked a huge amount of strategy formulation in various petroleum companies in Iran, in which, those documents followed the classical patterns (such as David model) of strategy formulation, on the prescriptive-consecutive paradigm, with no face of the environmental approaches to conduct the planning process of strategy formulation. In this article, we suggest the pattern of Reeves, Hannes and Sinha (2015), in order to choose and execute the right approach for National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)’s strategy formulation.

This research is developmental, explanatory and quantifiable research. The research strategy was survey and by its application, the information needed to determine the degree of NIOC environmental strategic dimensions and prioritization of different patterns of strategy formulation in NIOC, were achieved.

The shared value strategy, shaped NIOC as the leader of oil and gas industry in the various domestic industry and above all into the international market as the OPEC joint partner. It seems that NIOC organizational culture adapt with the shared value strategy according to creation, lead, and membership in the share of crude export with OPEC and non-OPEC collaboration during the ages. Therefore, NIOC should craft the shared value strategy for the niches of oil and gas markets.

Iran and Venezuela are two oil-producing countries that have both been subject to unfair economic and non-economic sanctions over the past decades. Sanctions imposed on the two countries have limited their main source of foreign exchange and  oil revenue, and created many problems for their economies, including inflation, recession, and the devaluation of the national currency. These tensions have created other problems. After examining the effects of sanctions on the two countries' oil industry, this article seeks to answer the question: What are Venezuela's anti-sanctions strategies to counter US oil sanctions? And in the current context of sanctions, how can manage relations between sanctions countries in the field of oil trade the oil sanctions? Also, what are the differences and similarities between the two countries' counter-sanctions strategies for the oil trade? The method of the present research is a qualitative type of document analysis that is done using library resources. The research results show that according to the current smart sanctions, in the technical field of oil swap strategies, oil blending, construction of small refineries and petroleum refineries in the sanctioned countries, construction of storage tanks inside and outside the country, domestic oil exchange and development projects The country should be used by foreign companies to benefit from oil revenues to counter sanctions.

the dependence of the Iran economy on oil revenues has led to maintaining market share and the sale of crude oil at an optimum price to secure the economic security of the country. US sanctions on oil industry and the sale of Iranian crude oil, have stopped the cooperation and investments of oil companies operating in development, and exports crude oil also experienced a significant decline. The present paper draws the channels of influence of the Trump strategies on the Iranian oil market with using the political economic theories. The results of the study indicate that with the recent pressure of the United States and the removal of some of Iran's crude oil from the global market, oil export opportunities for Iraq, the United States, … were made available to customers in the European and Asian markets to increase their market share Also, putting pressure by American on customers and helping rivals in Iran to provide space for the United States to increase its exports to Asia has put the security of the country's export markets at serious risk. recent agreement between OPEC member and non-members on reducing oil production has contributed greatly to the expansion of US production.

Judicial modification of oil contracting contracts during sanctions is among legal-economic concepts which is the result of recent sanctions based on suggested legal-economic concepts to modify contracts in conditions of sanctions. It seems that the reduction in oil value is an appropriate criterion. But juridical modifications of contracts in the Iranian legal system is not accepted except for special exceptional cases. The reduction of oil value, considering its nature, can be guaranteed and amended. But the significant point is to keep its former nature before analyzing its juridical modification. Thus, in Some cases, the modification of contracts is not justifiable. Nothing the absence of a comprehensive system of administrative contracts in Iran’s legislative system and non-specification of the sources for the formation of modifications in contracts, the subject of Modification oil juridical contracts during sanctions, is a controversial topic whose aspects will be discussed in this paper.

Just as it is natural for powers to rise and fall on the world stage, so it is natural for them to decline and fall. There are several factors involved in this rise and fall, depending on the strength of the advantage; War, economics, the costs of being a superpower, global politics, the decline of ideologies, and the like are among the most important reasons for this decline. The United States, which began its rise on the world stage in the 19th century, became an international hegemonic power after the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union. However, from that time on, there were signs of a decline in this power. Studies have shown that the United States in terms of political indicators such as democracy, human rights, soft power (education, graduate education and the number of foreign students, assistance to less privileged countries, etc.), military power (military budget and military spending of rival powers) , Economic power and other indicators of hegemonic superiority, its distance from other global competitors is narrowing. The present article seeks to examine the political-economic factors of this country that lead to economic decline. Our main question is what are the effective political-economic factors of the decline of American hegemony? The method of this article is qualitative of descriptive-analytical type that uses documentary and library sources to answer the main question.

The Covid-19 pandemic has well illustrated the extent to which the health crisis can negatively affect the economic activities of oil-exporting countries. Empirical evidence confirms that global oil prices and global demand for this commodity are the two key channels of the disease's impact on the economies of such countries. Given the high importance of this issue, this study examines the effects of this disease on US oil demand (as an indicator of world oil demand) and the West Texas price index (as an indicator of world oil prices), based on weekly data from June 14, 2019 to May 15, 2020. For this purpose, an autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) has been used, and thus the impact of Covid-19 on oil demand and the oil price index in both short-term and long-term has been studied. According to the findings of this study, Covid-19 had a negative and significant effect both in the long run and in the short run on the global oil price index and global oil demand. Also, regard to the results of the causality test based on the VECM model, a strong long-term causality from the global oil price index to the Iranian oil price has been confirmed. Therefore, it can be argued that Covid-19 has a strong negative impact on Iran's crude oil price index throughout affecting global crude oil price in the long run. Therefore, in order to avoid budget deficits and hyperinflation in Iran, oil-independent budget should be seriously considered by policy makers.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has enacted restrictive laws to reduce environmental pollution from burning sulfur in ship fuel. With a planned effective date of January 1, 2020, the IMO’s new regulations limit the sulfur content in marine fuels that ocean-going vessels use to 0.5% by weight. The IMO adopted the plan for this policy change in 2016 reaffirmed an implementation date of 2020. High-sulfur fuel oil is an important component of ships' fuel consumption, and demand for it is 3 million barrels per day. Therefore, it can be understood that the demand and price for this fuel oil will decrease (EIA, 2019). The Mediterranean regional market is one of several international physical global oil markets. Benchmark crude, which has a high sulfur content, is Urals crude oil in this market, and benchmark crude, which has a lower sulfur content and higher quality than other crude oils, is Brent in this market. Brent and Urals are used as a benchmark for the pricing of other crude oil in the Mediterranean market. Products made from sour crude oil have a lot of sulfur and products made from sweet crude oil have low sulfur content. Therefore, the demand for sour crude oil is declining also it is not economically viable to desulfurize the product compared to the production of low-sulfur products (Argus, 2019). In the present study, two questions are answered: What effects does IMO law have on the fluctuations in the price of crude oil in the region? Also, what is the effects of low-sulfur and high-sulfur oil products on oil prices?

Theoretical Frame work:

One of the important issues in the field of refining growth is the ability to adapt their production operations to the current state of crack spreads and the ability to respond to demands that are sometimes seasonal and companies can change the production process and a widely used issue in the oil and product refining industry. It is up to them to sell their oil quickly to grow their incomes. Refineries are always exposed to rising crude oil prices and falling commodity prices, which, according to various strategies, increase their profits and reduce the risk of these fluctuations (Edward, 2009).

Since 1988 Brent has been known as the benchmark, and still used for pricing (Salvatore, 2012). One of the most widely used issues in the oil refining and petroleum products industry is crack spread, which points to the difference in the price of a barrel of refinery production and a barrel of crude oil in the study area. Therefore, the higher the difference between the prices of the two, the higher theNetback means net return, and its application is the pricing of crude oil based on a single shipment of products. To calculate the netbook value, we must first calculate the "gross product value" and then deduct the shipping cost to the refinery, the refining cost, and other related costs to refine it (Kameli, 2009).IMO is the only organization dedicated entirely to maritime affairs and a regulatory body in the field of ship fuel and sulfur pollution in marine fuels, enforces its laws to reduce these pollutions, and under the new law. Most of this fuel is high-sulfur fuel oil. According to the results, with the increase in the price difference between two products of high-sulfur fuel oil and low-sulfur fuel oil due to increased demand for low-sulfur fuel oil, the price of Brent crude oil will grow, but it has the opposite effect on Urals crude oil. It reduces its price. The virtual variable in the model, which shows the effect of the decision to apply the law from mid-2016 to 2020. Brent crude oil will be directly affected by the law, and its price will rise, and its price will be reduced by the difference between low-sulfur and high-sulfur fuel oil products. The price of crude oil in the Urals index is falling through the direct impact of the law, and with rising commodity prices, the price of crude oil in the Urals index is rising. The crude index of the Brent index is a measure of the price of crude oil in the Mediterranean. Therefore, with the increase in its price, the price of Urals oil will also increase. The turmoil, shocks and shocks caused by the sulfur restriction law first boosted Brent crude oil prices and, given the escalation of Brent crude oil market turmoil, the turbulent crude oil market is exacerbating the downturn in the Mediterranean market.

This could encourage maritime transport companies to use alternative fuels, but this will increase the ship's fuel costs. The cost of investing in new technologies for refining fuel oil and desulfurization is very high and is beyond the reach of many high-sulfur fuel oil producing countries. The ships have never used a scrubber for two reasons. First, the installation of scrubber equipment is expensive, and if the demand for it increases, the manufacturing companies may not be able to provide it, and the demand will increase sharply, which will increase the price of scrubbers again. Scrubbers have never been extensively tested and may not fully disinfect sulfur and if refineries decide to produce low-sulfur fuel, there is no need to use scrubbers. Researchers have suggested that low-tech countries such as Iran, whose production is dominated by distillation towers such as furnace oil, could consider combining sour crude oil with water. Water increases fuel efficiency in combustion operations. This has been done by Sheila Company (Arshi, 2018).

The price of Iranian crude oil in different markets depends on the price of US crude oil. In recent months, the oil and gas industry and the sale of Iranian crude oil and the co-operation and investments of oil companies operating in the field of oil field development have halted. Therefore, examining the effects of US government policies on the oil market is very effective. The most important US government policies are energy independence, oil production development, opposition to compulsory carbon control policies and tax incentives. In this paper, Tramp's policy channels on the crude oil market have been investigated and their effects on the price of crude oil are highlighted. The US government's emphasis on energy independence and the removal of barriers to its country's oil production has been accompanied by growth-enhancing employment, which has led to an increase in industrial index, which, according to the estimates of this paper, changes in the Dow Jones Index could have a measurable impact. In addition to anti-OPEC policies by US government has been seeking to increase its market share, and in this regard, the significance of oil producing variables relative to their consumption and oil exports has had a significant impact on explaining the changes in US crude oil prices.

The United States is the world's first producer and consumer of oil and play a special role in international oil market relations. In a sense, due to the differences in the energy programs of the parties of this country, we will see significant changes in the international energy markets. The Trump's economic thinking in business field is based on the neo-mercantilist while the Democrats believe in global and multilateral trade. The most important energy policies of the Republican Party are the development and expansion of fossil fuel production, increasing the share of the oil market, lifting environmental restrictions, confronting OPEC, and unilateralism in the oil and gas trade. In contrast, the Democrats' most important plans in the US election are to return to the Paris Agreement and re-impose environmental restrictions, reduce oil production through legal sanctions such as taxes, expand renewable energy and use financial resources to manage the oil market and trade convergence. The main question of this article is what effect do US parties energy programs have on the oil market? The method of this research is a qualitative in a descriptive-analytical manner using desk research.

Investigating the Relationship between Indicative Crude Oil and Iran's crude oil prices in different markets with the price of crude oil is very important in explaining prices in these areas. For this purpose, using monthly monthly data from 2010-2010 and Garch method, Iran's light crude oil prices were modeled in the West European market. Following the different estimates of Iran's light crude oil prices in the above market, the results show that the second model, in which the changes in the price of Iranian crude oil in the north-west of Europe were due to the quality difference of Saudi Arabia's crude oil with Iran, changes in the price difference of crude oil Brent late with ICE1, urual Rotterdam's crude oil price changes, and can not changes or Brent crude refining have been more accurately predicted than other models. However, the quality difference between Saudi Arabia and Iran in the northwestern market was not significant in this model. Nevertheless, the results of the model test show that the variables considered with less error (3.1) could predict the price of light crude oil of Iran in the North West European market.

The Islamic Revolution has disrupted the predetermined oil equations of Western countries. Among the US strategic plans is to leverage oil and gas resources of the oilrich countries and manage it through destabilizing the region. The resistance front is designed to stabilize the region so that US intervention can be controlled. This article examines the impact of the Martyrdom of Islamic Resistance leaders and Iran's response to this action on the oil market and the future scenario of oil market. The main research question is to investigate the channels of influence of the resistance leaders of terror and its impact on the oil market and to examine the scenario of the oil market development after this event using a descriptive method. The results show that by doing so, the United States will emerge through fundamental factors in the long run. Therefore, the United States seeks to destabilize the region, to de-oil its facilities, and to take over the West Asian oil-exporting market. The main reason for the greater presence of Americans in the region and Iraq, despite the relative need of the United States and the decline of its dependence on regional oil, is to control China and India's economic growth rate.

Russia deal with US sanctions has been able to gain a large share of world oil markets with its active economic and energy Diplomacy. With depencyEuropean economies to energy sorce of Russia have largely Deactivate US oil and gas sanctions, and even Russia has been successes against the United States Action and established a joint front with China and Venezuela against the United States. This article examines Russia's oil and gas strategies.The most important strategies of Russia are to depend on the European economy to Russia oil and gas, price regulation, transfer share of state oil companies to international companies, development of oil and gas pipeline, expansion of liquefied natural gas and its markets, and development of long-term cooperation with some of Iran's oil competitors Same as Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Also, given Europe's serious sanctions on joint ventures with Russia, its strategy has shifted from Europe to Asian countries. In the meantime, Iran's approach to using Russia's capacity as a partner or competitor in the oil and gas field is considerable. This article presents the Russian lessons learned in the above areas for the country. Russia has been attracting investment from Asian countries by establishing active diplomacy with Asian countries, which have largely resisted sanctions, and has offset the decline in relations with Western nations through this strategy. Transmission of oil through pipelines has been a factor in securing oil demand, and Russia has adopted one of its strategic policies in the field of transportation, oil and gas transmission through long-term contracts and pipelines. Increasing the role of international companies in Russia is part of its strategy to acquire technology or access its gas and oil export network.