seyyed hossain hashemi

Kashafrud catchment, located 40 km from Mashhad, is facing a serious environmental crisis; Because, the law on waste management approved in (1383) needs to be reviewed and updated and as a rule, it was necessary to take action based on the general environmental policies (Announced in (1394) by the Leader of the Islamic Revolution) and the suggestions of the Human Rights and Citizenship Institute to update and amend this law. On the other hand, the lack of serious concern of the Environment Organization and the Agricultural Jihad (jihad keshavarzi) to exercise supervision or increase the efficiency of the necessary legal-regulatory tools between the exchange of competencies between Mashhad Water and Sewerage Company and Mashhad Municipality, the issue of kashafrud has become a very dangerous environmental crisis for nature, agriculture and culture and tourism of this region. In this article, the researcher uses two methods of field observation and documentary based research to try to use the news and specialized analysis as well as field observation in the region, the most important issues in the region recognizes three issues: environmental, cultural, legal and managerial. Finally, the author offers suggestions for solving these problems. The most important are: the amendment of the law on waste management, increasing the efficiency of regulatory tools and mandatory competencies, identifying and prosecuting criminals, and other regulatory and managerial strategies.

Mojahendin Khalgh Organization [MKO] was established in 1965 by young intellectuals to overthrow the Shah’s regime. However, after the Islamic revolution it stood against the Islamic revolution and its members left Iran in 1981 and joined the opposition abroad. Masood Rajavi the self-appointed leader of the group has now chosen the commanders of the groups from among the women. MKO has secretly imposed vast ideological divorces on its members in 1989, i.e. all members had to renounce their right to marry and in case of being married they had to separate from their spouse with hatred. This compulsory divorce resulted in various problems for children, and men and women loyal to the organization. Based on a criminological approach, this paper studies the sectarian opinions of this terrorist organization concerning family foundation, the explicit breach of women and children rights, the ideological divorce and its aftermaths, and penal responsibilities of the leaders of this sect in the face of national and international courts. Finally, suggestions have been proposed to support the children and women who are the victims of terroristic goals of MKO and the fact that the Iranian government can legally sue it in international courts.

Childrens, and especially girls, becoming mature enough to have penal responsibility is among the new problems into which enquiring jurisprudential investigations seems necessary because many children, especially girls, who have newly reached religious and sexual maturity age lack in the necessary intellectual growth for penal issues. The basic question is whether, from a jurisprudential viewpoint, such people are legally supported and are not responsible concerning penal issues such as civil affairs. The present paper, first, elaborates on the concept of "growth" and its relationship with madness and maturity and tries to prove that according to traditions growth is not merely limited to its civil conception and is generalizable to non-fiscal matters such as penal affairs. Then, the paper studies the foundations and proofs regarding the necessity of reaching maturity to have penal responsibility based on the Quran, traditions, and rational arguments, coming to the conclusion that the meanings of the words "roshd" [growth] and "ashadd" [severest] is relative, the claim being substantiated by proofs from the Quran and traditions. The rational proofs show that penal matters are much more crucial than fiscal matters, thus, growth is primarily a condition. To prove the claim, Primacy Analogy has been used, followed by an explanation of the conditions "kamal al-aghl" [perfect intellect] and "matooh" who do not have penal responsibility based on traditions. Therefore, reform in the age of penal responsibility is essential.