فهرست مطالب seyyed mahmoud mirzaee al-hoseini

The present study examines some Arabic Animal proverbs based on the Conceptual Blending Theory of Fauconnier and Turner (2002) in the framework of cognitive semantics. Anderson's (2013) Cognitive Proverb Model claims that proverb meaning is the result of a number of conceptual blending through which base meaning and then situational and performance meanings are constructed. Anderson's model can justify the presence of linguistic, cultural, social and situational elements in proverbs. In this research, six Arabic Animal proverbs have been selected and analyzed according to Anderson (2013) Model through a descriptive-analytic research method. The results show that the meanings of education, sermon, decree, etc. are the result of three blending processes. In the beginning, ANIMAL-HUMAN spaces are combined and through the metaphorical relationship of HUMAN AS ANIMAL, the first blended space, containing basic meaning is formed. This output is combined with the external situation space and makes the second blend involving situational meaning. Finally, the complete meaning of the proverb is created as an action in the relevant situations.

Arabic language, like all other languages, has many features, including textual texture or harmony, which plays an important role in creating different structures and meanings according to different conditions. One of the linguistic sciences that helps reveal meaning is semantics, which is defined as the scientific study of meaning. There are many semantic fields in semantics, including what is called "collocation", which is the association between two words or words in a permanent or fixed manner according to different contexts, or what is called the tendency of certain words to be associated with something. Is known. The aim of this research is to classify, examine and analyze "Atfei collocations " in the "Basic Arabic Dictionary" issued by the Organization of Arabic Education, Culture and Science, according to the grammatical structure and based on the descriptive-analytical approach. There is no doubt that verbal combinations in the Arabic language have a prominent position and great variety. Therefore, the researcher was interested in collecting and studying them in a descriptive-semantic study. Because the use of semantics in the study of language topics, including verbal combinations or structures and common expressions that are used frequently, facilitates the process of language education; For this, after collecting the syndromes, according to the semantic relations between the syndromes and their implicit concepts, they were grammatically categorized. .On the one hand, the study of similarities plays a fundamental and important role in the teaching of the contemporary Arabic language and on the other hand in finding a close connection between the contemporary and ancient Arabic language and the Arabic-Islamic heritage

Cognitive semantics is a branch of cognitive linguistics which suggests that there are a number of cognitive mechanisms in the minds of humans including image schemas, conceptual metaphors, and conceptual metonymies through which meanings are created. Image schemas are the basic concepts like movement, container and force experienced by human beings from the early days of life and formed in their minds. One of the main claims of cognitive semantics is that abstract thinking roots in human experiences. Conceptual metaphor theory (CMT), first proposed in Lakoff and Johnson (1980), believes that the abstract concepts like life are better evoked by concrete and tangible concepts like journey. The former is called a target domain, and the latter is a source domain. There are lots of systematic mappings between these domains. The theory believes that the ubiquity of the systematic mappings between sources and target domains is a proof that our thinking is mostly metaphorical. The important dimension of image schemas is that they provide concrete experiential bases for the construction of some conceptual metaphors. Moreover, conceptual metonymies are mechanisms in which a kind of mental access is provided between two relevant and adjacent entities which are in the same idealized cognitive model (ICM).Time is one of the most important as well as complex abstract concepts that has attracted the attention of many thinkers throughout the history. In both formal and cognitive linguistics, this issue has been studied in literary texts, primarily in narrative texts. The novel Yusef Tadres' Stories (Hikayat Yusef Tadres), winning the Najib Mahfouz Prize (2016), is one of the famous works of Adel Esmat, the Egyptian famous novelist. This story is narrated by Yusef Tadres, the main character of the novel. He is an artist, invoked by many idiosyncratic thoughts, cognitively developed through the passage of time by the aid of his paintings. This research attempts to shed light on the cognitive system of time representation in the story and, at the same time, its conceptualization in the mind of the ego-narrator, according to the cognitive semantics theory. To analyze the temporal elements of this narrative, the researchers tried to use the ideas of Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and Johnson (1987) as the bases for the identification, categorization and explanation of all the temporal elements in the story. So, all the metaphorical expressions denoting the time concept were extracted from the text. Moreover, the image schemas which represent time elements were identified and recorded. There are some time metonymies in the text that construct the concept of time. These elements were identified and explained in the process of argumentation. The extracted data were used for the analysis of the time representation quality in the text and its conceptualization. The results show that the ego-narrator has used the three mechanisms of image schemas, conceptual metaphors and metonymies. Firstly, since there is a general correlation between time and place concepts, that is, TIME is universally conceptualized as PLACE/SPACE, the text provides such a mapping with the preposition "fi" (in) for the temporal elements. This constructs a kind of spatial identity for the non-spatial elements of time, both through a fundamental image schema of CONTAINER and the metaphors of time like time as SPACE or time as a PATH THAT HUMANS PASSED. Another issue is the conceptualization of time as an OBJECT, evoked by special expressions like small (Saghir), heavy (Thaghil) and pronominal elements like that (Zaleka/Telka). The PATH schema is used in the conceptualization of time. In some cases, time is evoked as a volitional movement in the path, as if TIME IS AN ANIMAL/HUMAN. In these cases time is as a moving object, and humans are static observers. In the conceptual metonymy found here, time is a CONTAINER in which all the events of the story are located and there is a metonymic relation of THE PROPERITIES OF EVENTS FOR EVENTS, as well as THE WHOLE FOR PART in which, for example, a whole day is used for a part of it. This study shows that the novelist conceptualized time as SPACE, PATH, OBJECT, as well as, ANIMATE CREATURE to achieve narratological purposes such as description of the setting of the story, characterizations, and thematic descriptions. At the same time, the conceptual metonymies like THE TIME OF THE EVENT FOR THE EVENT and THE WHOLE TIME FOR PART OF IT are observed and aligned with other conceptualizations. The results suggest that the cognitive semantics theory, among other theories, is potentially capable of analyzing the narrative concepts, conceptualizations and the details of semantic constructions in the story, which can shed light on the subjectivity of the narrator.

The Conceptual Blending Theory of Fauconnier and Turner (2002) is one of the popular theories in cognitive semantics, which concerns with the role of integration of mental spaces in coherence and construction of meaning. According to Anderson (2013), this theory can be a basis for understanding the cultural, cognitive and contextual aspects of meaning construction in proverbs. Nahj al-Balagha is one of the most important religious books containing many proverbs from Imam Ali (AS). The present research examines meaning construction of five proverbs in the domain of Animal in Nahj al-Balagha. The present descriptive-analytic research is based on Anderson's (2013) approach. The questions include: How Conceptual Blending Theory can be applied on the animal proverbs in Nahj al-Balaghah? How situational meanings can be copied on and run in new political- historical-cultural situations? The results indicate that the meanings of warning, condemnation, description, and blame, taken from the conceptual blending of the domains of animal and human, are consistent with the moral-social-political messages of Nahj al-Balaghah. Firstly, human and animal domains are integrated analogically in the generic space. Then, the basic meaning is formed through [MAN AS ANIMAL] metaphor in the blended space. This basic meaning is combined with the referential meaning and creates situational meaning. Finally, the meaning is developed as an action in practical situations. This meaning can be run in similar circumastances. Therefore, their readings are applicable to infinite number of potential social-cultural-political situations. This confirms the dynamics of meanings in Nahj al-Balagha, formed in online circumatances.

Cognitive linguistics, as a modern interdisciplinary, by examining the relationship between mind and language, believes that language is a mind representation. Thus, by deeply investigating the poems of the pre-Islamic period (622-494 AD) through cognitive semantics methods, we can figure out the mentality of poets according to their environment and living style. Hatim Ta'i is among Pre-Islamic poets, whose poetry's analysis can present his thinking system. Considering "war" as one of the most important life affairs of his period, presenting a new research with a cognitive approach on Hatim Ta'i's poem can help us in identifying the poet's intellectual system in particular, and social life in the pre-Islamic period in general. So metaphorical and metonymic expressions have been extracted and analyzed according to Lakoff and Johnson (1980). The results show that Hatim Ta'i has used the objective matters available in the pre-Islamic period, such as fire and animal, to embody "war" in the mind of the audience in the form of a conceptual metaphor. Moreover, in the conceptual metonymies, mentioning the subtle aspects and details of war, warfare and warriors indicates the very high connection of this social phenomenon with the poet's life.

In new studies in the field of cognition, the limitation of metaphor to the field of literature and rhetoric is eliminated, and metaphor is a cognitive phenomenon that is a diagram of how to construct abstract categories in the human mind. This cognitive phenomenon also occurs subconsciously in the language of ordinary human beings in everyday language, however, in the language of poetry there are differences in the expression of mental categories; Therefore, in the light of cognitive theories, the type of literary thought and insight can be obtained by analyzing literary texts. The language of poetry is the manifestation of romantic concepts. The poetry of the pre-Islamic period is important in Arabic literature and does not seem to be an exception to this rule. This article examines the concept of the field of "love" in the poetry of Antar Bin Shaddad with the cognitive approach of Likaf and Johnson (1980). From his poems, concepts that evoke love are extracted and analyzed. The results show that the conceptual metaphors of Antara in the field of love are influenced by the life of the pre-Islamic period and his personal life. His poems are moving love, what is the object of love, love is pleasurable, love is fire, love is murderer, love is destruction and humiliation, love is captivity. Regarding separation and distance, we also see metaphors of the sorrow of illness and the carpenter of healing, the parting is the killer, the carpenter of heaven, the carpenter of hell, we are.

Emotions are among the significant abstract concepts in cognitive semantics analyses. Human language, speech or written, is a representation which relatively reveals the complexities relevant to the conceptualizations of abstract concepts, including emotional ones. Image schemas, which are based on the idea of embodied cognition and experience, are the main mechanism in these meaning constructions. Thus, an analysis of image schema in a literary text can lead us to some aspects of the emotional system governing the literary and narrative text. This research aimed at describing and analyzing the emotion image schema in the novel The Cranes Nightly Travels in the Carnelian Towns (العقیق مدن فی الغرانیق مسری (by Amima al-Khamis (Saudi author), based on the Image Schema Theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1987). The objective of this research is identifying the author's subjectivity, mentality, and thought through linguistic devices which refer to emotions in the novel. The questions are: what emotion image schemas are in the text? How these schemas contribute to the emotion conceptualization in the mind of readers?, and what is their relation to the theme of the story? To find answer to these questions, the relevant schemas are extracted from the text through purposive sampling, and then explained on the basis of Image Schema Theory. The results show that the author could embody his ideas and thoughts through meaning constructing devices (linguistic forms in the text). These forms are based on image schemas including container, quantity, movement, path, orientation, near/far, and force schemas. These schemas project emotional meanings on the text and evoke them in the readers' mind, mostly metaphorically. Besides, these image-based conceptualizations are aligned with the narrator/author's rational subjectivity and philosophy.

One of the basic concepts in the words and thoughts of Imam Ali is "unity", as in Nahj al-Balaghah, the dignity and authority of the Islamic nation (Ummah) is emphasized in the shadow of unity. Although the word "unity" is not used in Nahj al-Balaghah as solidarity, there are various combinations and interpretations in the semantic field of "unity".Considering the situational context and the various political and social conditions, it leads the audience's mind towards the vital issue of unity. This paper examines and semantically analyzes the vocabulary and combinations of the semantic field of unity and its concepts and examples. Using descriptive-analytical method and semantics, it has tried to examine and analyze  the semantic components and contextual implications of vocabulary and combinations of the semantic field of unity in two sections of  “ combinations indicating favorable unity” and “combinations indicating unfavorable unity”. It also  examines and analyzes  “collocation relation” to express the fact that  concepts of cooperation, compromise and reform and examples such as ideological, social, political and emotional unity have played a role in the field of  unity and can have a positive or negative semantic load according to the context.

Image schemas are among the subjects of investigation in cognitive semantics. The analysis of this cognitive device in narrative texts help us discovering the ideas and ideologies of the author from its language. Therefore, the present study intends to examine the image schemas of the field of emotions in the novel "Tales of Yusuf Tadres" by Adel Esmat, the Egyptian author, based on the views proposed by Lakoff and Johnson. To do so, the image schemas underlying 10 emotion concepts were extracted from the novel of Yousef Tadres Then, they were categorised and analysed in three schema s categories of containment, movement and quantity. The results showed that although the novel is composed of short but related stories, expressing the emotions of the narrator is the common element in all. The narrator tried to make the emotions more tangible and concrete and in doing so image schemas are beneficial cognitive and linguistic devices.