seyyed mehdi etemadifard

Free will of human actions on the one hand and on the other hand, the divine necessities originated form Gods power and knowledge have been two sides of a conflict among the theologians that based on the type of asserting the relation among them, three theological approaches have been emerged among the Muslims. In comparison to Asharites and Mutazilah, Imamiyeh has adopted an intermediate approach in which in addition to maintaining the free will aspects of actions, the ordered system derived from the power of God has not been ignored. Briefly evaluating the historical and social conditions of these theories in this paper, features of sociological understanding about position of free will and its limits are analyzed. Modern conditions and sociological understanding directed to it have put forward a new formulation from the status of free will. Under such conditions, social compulsion is the result of many individuals free will which are directed toward each other and to realize maximization, this phenomenon captures an independent and compulsory trait. The cultural binding rules will result in realization of free will. Although such sociological knowledge does not have the capacity to bring up a discussion about theological goals essential to human realm, while maintaining the feature of free will of human activity, to illustrate the quality of realization of social order in the contemporary conditions, this sociological formation will help the theologians to have a better statement of the issue. Also, in comparison to the approaches of Asharites and Mutazilah, it will explicate the merits of Imamiyeh approach about the intermediary situation of free will and fatalism.

What made me question the state of religion in the cultures of Iran, Turkey, and Egypt has been the function of religion in these three developing countries when they confront modern trends and effective cultural and religious traditions. As another question, we compare the theory of Englehart with the findings of his international survey about the state of religion in those countries. In our study, we take the last phase of such surveys as well as six categories of religious life whose data is available and comparable in order to do a comparative study of the subject. According to the level of evaluation of variables and statistics, and significance level, the difference of means are examined. Although the significance of religion and God and the religiosity in Egypt is more than Iran and Turkey and in Iran more than Turkey, the case of tradition is not necessarily the same. In fact, no major difference has been attested between worshiping and pondering upon the meaning and fate of life in these three countries.

The present research is a sociological study on why women tend to undergo cosmetic surgeries. The study also aims to perform a typology of the motives، attitudes towards body، and methods of creating meaning for such conditions by people in order to justify the manipulation of the body. The statistical population included all women who had undergone cosmetic surgery between 2011 and 2013 in Tehran، as well as those who intended to do so. The research method was a qualitative one، and the data was collected using semi-structural interviews. Using the snowball and purposeful- theoretical sampling method، 30 subjects between the ages of 20 to 34 visiting cosmetic surgery clinics were interviewed. The results showed that women’s motivation to do cosmetic surgeries are classifiable under two general categories of personal reasons (motivations fastened to the self) and transpersonal reasons (motivations fastened to trans-self). Personal reasons are categorized at the analytical level of common sense. Transpersonal reasons are classifiable to middle and large analytical level based on the conditions and circumstances where individuals are surrounded by. At the middle level، family and family conditions، and at the large scale، social conditions are effective as the source of creating motivation for cosmetic surgeries that are different based on the circumstances. According to the mentioned analytical model، mentalities of the individuals towards self، and the actors’ transpersonal factors effective in cosmetic surgery are analyzed.