seyyed yazdan hashemi asl

The present study aims to examine and analyze the reasons for the failure of political party activities in Iran during the years 1368 to 1392, with a focus on the political culture of elites and the interaction of structure/agency. In the model of democratic governance, political parties emerged from the acceptance of public elections and are regarded as the progeny of democracy, facilitating peaceful power transitions, elite rotation, and organized political participation of citizens. Therefore, they play a significant role in the political development of states. The emphasis of governance structures and the constitution on legal political participation and competition, alongside the instability and institutionalization of party activities, presents a multidimensional challenge that can seriously disrupt the rules of political games and, consequently, political stability, national security, and the nature of governance. Thus, it is essential to critically review and examine the complex and intertwined issues surrounding why the function of political parties in the Islamic Republic of Iran faced failure from 1368 to 1392. The research findings, using a descriptive-analytical method and utilizing library-documentary resources along with Giddens' structuration theory framework, indicate that various factors contribute to the failure of party mechanisms in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The political culture of elites, however, has proven to be a more influential factor. Political elites in Iran, unaware of the party's functions and the specific social context, influenced by temporary conditions and the pursuit of political power, established party organizations. Therefore, political parties not only lost their primary functions within the socio-political structure of society but also led to a lack of institutional trust at the level of political competition.

The book "Lie / Free Will" proposes to examine two key and important questions; 1) What is the phenomenon of lying and how can its functional mechanism be controlled? 2) Does man have free will to remain loyal to moral duties? In analyzing the phenomenon of lying, the author expresses his point of view from a philosophical point of view, emphasizing the consequences of an action (the badness of the result of a lie). This means that the result of a human reaction in the field of action has priority and superiority over biological neurology. What if he adopts a naturalistic (scientific-empirical) attitude in examining the phenomenon of free will: This means that he insists on the priority of biological action over the result of human reaction in the field of action. The present article, along with the detailed introduction of this book is trying to critically review the work in terms of structure, content, form, and methodology. The reviews of the present article show that the author, as a non-systematic philosopher, was able to process his main idea in a relatively coherent way; However, the results of his scientific-philosophical investigations and reflections prove that the book is caught in the trap of determinism/ontological reductionism in terms of content and method in the field of epistemological hierarchy of science. It seems that the author's integrated (philosophical/scientific/atheistic) approach carries a kind of internal logic paradox. This paradox will be analyzed in the framework of two types of criticism, structural criticism from the author's argument and out discursive criticism from the perspective of the Iranian-Islamic intellectual tradition. Among other defects of the book, we can mention its writing and editing defects.