فهرست مطالب sh. karami

A well-designed Agricultural Extension System (AES) can facilitate transitions towards sustainable agriculture. However, in most developing countries, AES has failed to promote sustainable agricultural development. The New Agricultural Extension System (NAES) was initiated to facilitate agricultural development in Iran. However, there is still no definite reflection on the influences of NAES on agricultural development. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the performance of NAES. To ensure an integrative and holistic analysis of the NAES’s performance, the Complexity Theory (CT) and Agricultural Innovation System (AIS) approaches were used. To gather data, survey research was conducted in Fars Province, southern Iran. A multi-stage random sampling was used to identify the designated extension agents. The findings indicated that effective implementation of the NAES needs facilitated interaction through network mediation ( X = 71.6), creation of an enabling context for the delivery of extension services ( X = 66.6), improved communication and marketing infrastructures ( X = 72), development of a value chain ( X = 71.4), acceptance of self-organization ( X = 67.8) and adoption of complexity-aware management ( X = 66). The results also identified the hindering effects of demographic, structural and psychological factors on the practical application of CT and AIS principles. Some recommendations and implications are offered to improve the effectiveness of NAES.

Agriculture is an essential instrument for development, poverty alleviation, and food security in developing countries, such as Iran. The agricultural sector of Iran is dominated by small-scale farming, and the yield of most crops is low. A well-designed and well-functioning agricultural extension system can facilitate the transition toward productive, profitable, and sustainable agriculture. However, the top-down agricultural extension system of Iran has left most smallholder and resource-poor farmers with no access to advisory services, and their problems have remained unresolved. The new agricultural extension system (NAES) was initiated in 2014 to better respond to the problems of smallholder farmers. However, there is still no definite reflection on the influences of the NAES on agricultural development. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of the NAES. Also, it purposed to identify the blocking mechanisms hindering the NAES’ function. In this regard, qualitative research was planned and conducted in Fars Province, Southern Iran. The findings revealed that NAES has managed to enhance the availability of extension services for smallholder farmers, improve the productivity and profitability of agriculture, and reduce livelihood vulnerability. However, it has failed in facilitating access to remunerative markets, mobilizing sustainable financial and human resources, and being entirely demand-driven because of financial, physical, institutional, market, natural, informational, capability, and psychological constraints. Some recommendations and implications are offered to improve the effectiveness of the NAES.

Problems associated with decreased muscle strength and subsequently diminished quality of life, will be increased by aging. Therefore, elderly people will expose to serious injuries. So the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks aquatic therapy exercises with and without Jacuzzi on lower limb strength and quality of life in elderly women.
This study was performed with a pretest-post-test randomized-group design. Thirty six women aged 65-74 years old, participated in the study voluntarily. Participants randomly assigned into 3 groups that each of themcontained12 elderly women, including control, aquatic therapy, and aquatic therapy with Jacuzzi groups. The 30 sec chair stand test and Sf-36 Questionnaire were used to measure lower limb strength and Quality of Life, respectively. ANOVA with repeated measures, independent t-test, and paired-t test were used to statistical analysis with SPSS software version 22.
After the interventions, strength of the lower limbs had significant increases in the aquatic therapy groups without (p=.000) and with Jacuzzi (p=.000), However there was no significant change in the control group (p=.724). Physical health improved significantly in the aquatic therapy groups without (p=.000) and with Jacuzzi (p=.000), but not in the control group (p=.066). Also mental health increased significantly in the aquatic therapy groups without (p=.000) and with Jacuzzi (p=.000), and decreased significantly in the control group (p=.005).
Performing three sessions of aquatic therapy per week for 8 weeks with or without the use of Jacuzzi, have a positive and significant effect on the muscular strength of the lower limbs and the quality of life in the elderly women.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the spermatogonial stem cells differentiation into male gametes.
Materia and Spermatogonial stem cells were cultured in T25 flasks after the enzymatically isolation of the testicular biopsies through azoospermic patients. In the third passage, cells divided into 4 different groups and were treated for 1 to 4weeks under the effect of a medium containing extracts of sheep testes as inducer and then expression of sperm maturation genes: Acrosin and Protamine1 were investigated by using of western blotting technique.
After spermatogonial stem cells treatment by the extracts of sheep testes, variations were seen in cell shape and they convert into sperm- like. Moreover, Acrosin and Protamine1 expression were confirmed.
examination of induced cells showed that Acrosin and Protamin1 were expressed. Since Acrosin and Protamine1 are the major proteins of the spermiogenesis, it could be concluded that these cells had been completed spermatogenesis stage and started the spermiogenesis stage.

Soils contaminated with heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), mainly are poor in nutrients and microbial population. Water deficit stress can deteriorate the situation for healthy plant growth. Application of plant growth promoting rhizobacterium as bio-fertilizer can influence the availability of nutrients and improve the plant growth and health. For this reason, a greenhouse factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments consisted of two levels of Micrococcus yunnanensis bacterium (with and without bacterium), four levels of Cd (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg kg-1), and three levels of soil moisture regimes (100, 80, and 65% of field capacity). Results showed that increasing soil Cd contamination, resulted in reduction of shoots dry weight and total manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) uptake, while the soil inoculation with bacterium moderated the negative effects of Cd on the plant by increasing shoots dry weight and total Zn uptake. The main effect of water deficit stress on the shoot dry weight, and the uptake of iron (Fe), Mn, Zn, and copper (Cu) were significant and reduced these traits while the soil inoculation with bacterium increased shoot dry weight and uptake of Fe and Zn and mitigated negative effects of water deficit stress.

Soils contaminated with cadmium (Cd) may cause a reduction in plants yield and increase the hazard of Cd-contaminated plants consumption by human and animals. In order to study the interaction effects of cadmium and wheat or alfalfa residues on dry matter yield (DMY), concentration, and uptake of micronutrients by corn in a calcareous soil, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in 2014. Results showed that increasing Cd levels significantly decreased manganese (Mn) uptake by corn in soil treated with alfalfa residues but had no significant effect on DMY, concentration, and uptake of other nutrients. Higher levels of wheatresidues significantly increased zinc (Zn) concentration in corn shoots, but decreased DMY, copper (Cu) concentration, and iron (Fe), Mn, and Cu uptake. Increasing levels of alfalfa residues resulted in a reduction of Mn concentration and uptake by corn.In general, addition of alfalfa residues decreased corn DMY and Cu uptake less than those of wheatresidues, but Mn and Zn concentration of corn shoots in wheatresidues treatments were higher compared to those of alfalfa residues. Addition of wheat and alfalfa residues mitigated detrimental effects of cadmium on Fe uptake by corn aerial parts.

The purpose of this study was to compare marital satisfaction in parents of children with trainable intellectual disability deprived of and benefiting from educational-financial rehabilitation services. A descriptive-analytical study was conducted through the census method. 240 parents of the aforementioned children were selected through random sampling in Khorramabad. The ENRICH marital satisfaction questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistical tests (mean, SD), inferential tests (one-way ANOVA and follow-up tests). Overall, the results showed a significant difference between the parental marital satisfaction of the group of children benefiting from and those deprived of financial & educational rehabilitation services (p=0.039). Furthermore, there was a significant difference between the group that had received educational services only, as compared to that which had not received any services at all (p=0.031). Provision of educational-financial services improves marital satisfaction in parents of ‘trainable mentally retarded children’.

psychologists believe that an individual success depends 20% on his Intelligence Quality (IQ) and 80% on his Emotional Intelligence (EQ). The relationship between EQ and efficiency of hospital managers has not been studied yet. To determine relationship between EQ and its five dimensions with efficiency of managers of Kermanshah's educational hospitals. This is a correlation - applied study. The studied population are 60 managers chosen from various management levels of Kermanshah educational hospitals. Data collection tool is a 33 questions using Shring questionnaire With Likert scale. Questionnaires were completed in self-answering method. Evaluating tools for manager's performance were annual evaluation forms, issued by Ministry Of Health. Data are presented by descriptive statistics indicators, and Pearson test. Subject managers in regards to EQ with gained mean 98/117 and 71/50 percent of total score were in strong to average status. In relation to dimensions of Emotional Intelligence, manager's skills on relation management and self management vector were strongest and weakest respectively. Manager's skills on self consciousness, social consciousness and self motivation vectors were in second, third and forth position. In relation to professional performance, managers with obtained mean score 88/22 and 80/20 percent of total score are in strong performance position. There was a significant positive correlation (r =0.0777) between managers, emotional intelligence and each of five dimensions of emotional intelligence and their professional performance. Improvement in choosing hospital managers according their EQ skills, and training and upgrading EQ could improve their professional performance.