فهرست مطالب shaghayegh zolghadry

Due to the wide range of scientific methods used to solve different environmental challenges, decision-making has become increasingly difficult for managers. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies, as one of the key decision-making tools, are no exception. More than two decades have passed since the adoption of laws and regulations on environmental impact assessment in Iran, and their implementation in recent years, while being followed in earnest, has sometimes been criticized by experts and academics. This shows the need for further review and updating of the EIA process and its methods. In this paper we attempted to briefly review environmental impact assessment methods, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses. We have resorted to the discussions about the benefits of using ecosystem services in environmental impact assessment. As such, the purpose of this paper was to demonstrate the potential values of integrating ecosystem services into assessing environmental impacts, leading to a more accurate identification of the best options in the proposed project area based on ecosystem sensitivities. Therefore, this study will be useful to environmental analysts and researchers as well as improvement of the country's environmental impact assessment system.

Hyrcanian (Caspian) area is one of the most important vegetation areas in Iran, which due to its antiquity, has a high ecosystem value. On the other hand, this ecosystem is involved in multiple fires every year and loses a significant level of vegetation, so the use of scientific methods to predict places with potential fire risk is very important. This can be used for the conservation management of Hyrcanian forests. Many real-world systems are used in terms of pattern recognition, so proper use of machine learning methods is essential in practical applications. However, the use of clustering-based methods is emphasized as an effective method due to its approach in pattern recognition and output discovery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability and compare the performance of Fuzzy C-Means and k-Medoids clustering in modeling forest fire occurrence with emphasis on the performance capabilities of the algorithm. Due to the existence of periodic fires, the mentioned algorithms were used to improve the level of coding in MATLAB software in order to improve studies in the field of forest fire risk prediction. Model input criteria in this study are recorded fire points, distance to agricultural areas, distance to the road, distance to the river, air pressure, solar radiation, slope, aspect, wind speed, forest type and percentage of canopy density. The results obtained from the fire hazard prediction map of both algorithms show their high ability to predict the fire occurrence model. Also, based on the results of the confusion matrix table of the comparison of the two algorithms, the FCM algorithm showed better performance than the k-medoids algorithm in predicting places with potential fire risk. Therefore, the use of FCM algorithm is suggested as one of the effective methods in differential clustering for future studies.

Dutch elm disease is one of the most destructive and common plant vascular diseases now which is known as a global problem. The aim of this study was comparison of early- and late-wood vessels diameter and ray dimensions. In 4 species: Ulmus carpinifolia, Zelkova carpinifolia, Ulmus glabra and Celtis australis from Ulmaceae. Then, very thin transversal sections were prepared and after different stages of staining, microscopic slides were prepared. The data of xylem vessel and ray attributes measurement among disease and healthy species analysis via one-way at level of 0.01. The compare means was done with Duncan test. The results showed that the maximum and minimum frequency of disease belong to English elm and Hackberry respectively. There is significant difference between xylem vessels and ray attributes of species. The results of light and electron microscopy showed that there is a change and destruction in xylem vessels and ray structure in affected trees.