فهرست مطالب shahin farabi

Iran’s urban spaces over the Islamic period can be considered a combination of completely interwoven public and private spaces. Tea-houses as new social places formed a new kind of urban socialization from Safavid period onwards. Taking various functions, the places played a significant role in developing public issues. The places at the beginning had a recreational function, though the function undertook changes as religious context of Iran and its events influenced them, so that they experienced many changes. Exploring the functions of the spaces will provide a view to the study of socio-cultural history of Iran’s society. Such a study requires due attention, investigation, and analysis of all its dimensions affecting the socio-economic and political relations. Taking the issues into consideration, relying on library resources, and applying a descriptive-analytical approach, this study dealt with various functions of tea-houses and their development over Safavid and Qajar periods. The results showed that the recreational-leisure, religious, literary, artistic, and political functions of the places have changed continuously over the periods. The functions are assumed to be abstract and independent, but due to the religious context of Iran and Iranians’ strong religious beliefs over the periods, the functions sometimes have been intermingled. Tea-houses have had positive influences on preserving and spreading national, ethnic, and religious culture and some artistic manifestations of Iran. They, however, have not been void of some mal-functions and increasing social crimes. The mal-functions became more expanded when modernistic elements expanded in Iran society in Qajar era and drastically influenced other functions.

The holy shrine of Imam Reza (the most significant gathering place of Shias in Iran) and Astan Quds Razavi have always been offering the opportunity for Shiite governments to show their true respect to Shiite Imams through proper managing and providing services to their pilgrimage. They have also tried to legitimize, establish, and continue their own rule though such activities. Therefore, proper managing of all properties and issues has been among the priorities of Shiite rulers, including Qajar rules. Relying on archived written orders and documents and comparing them, this study investigated the economic status of Astan Quds Razavi in the late Qajar era managed by Zahir al-Islam (Brother-in-law of Mozaffar al-Din Shah) and the custodian’s economic performance. The issue is under-investigated. Appointed by Ahmad Shah Qajar, he managed the organization for two periods (1334-1335 AH and 1338-1339 AH) and faced various economic challenges like Astan Quds’ rental properties. The results of comparative investigation of the periods showed that Zahir al-Islam’s economic initiatives in the second period was more extensive than those in the first period, but he faced budget shortage necessary for supporting various parts of Astan Quds and failed to effectively change the economic status of the organization. The reasons could be the unstable political structure and ineffective administrative ordinances in the late Qajar era, lack of required cooperation between Astan Quds and related organizations, unsuccessful implementation of economic agenda proposed by Zahir al-Islam, and more significantly, decrease in the cash and commodity rents of the endowed properties

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) has been used as food and medicine for Iranians for a long time, from the ancient to the modern period, and several factors have influenced its production and consumption in different provinces, especially Razavi Khorasan. In order to investigate the trend of cultivated area, stigma production and yield of saffron and also the effect of climatic parameters such as altitude above sea level, average temperature, and precipitation on the cultivation and production of this plant in different cities of Khorasan Razavi Province, a study was conducted by using data of Agricultural Jihad Organization during 1984 to 2020. Results indicated that the highest production and cultivated area in the province of Razavi Khorasan in the studied period were related to Zaveh, Torbat Heydarieh, and Roshtkhar, respectively. Zaveh and Torbat Heydarieh also had the largest portion of irrigated production in the province, with 13.3 and 9.4 %, respectively. Upon comparing the yield of saffron across different cities to the provincial average, it became evident that Gonabad and Torbat Heydarieh secured the first and second positions, respectively, in this comparison. Conversely, Kalat exhibited the lowest percentage in terms of cultivated area, irrigated production, and yield ratio compared to the provincial average. Further analysis revealed that elevation above sea level is positively correlated with both cultivated area and saffron production. Interestingly, there exists a non-linear inverse relationship between annual rainfall and cultivated area, production, and yield of saffron. Moreover, the study found that higher average temperatures are associated with increased saffron production, although the average yield of saffron tends to decrease. Regarding similarities across different cities in Khorasan-Razavi province, an investigation at a 75% similarity threshold indicated the possibility of classifying the province's various regions into five distinct clusters. The cities of Bakharz, Gonabad, Kashmer, Mahvalat, and Roshtkhar were in the first cluster, and the cities of Bajastan, Khaf, Torbat Jam, Neishabur, Bardaskan, and Taibad were in the second cluster, and each of the cities of Torbat Heydarieh and Zaveh also formed two separate branches. The rest of the cities were placed in a cluster. In general, the increasing trend of saffron cultivation and production in Khorasan-Razavi province indicates a greater desire to cultivate this plant by the farmers, considering the climatic and soil conditions of this province.

Inscriptions as the first form of written historiography have an important role in clarifying many historical unknowns. Examining these works from different aspects can open up beyond history, civilization, and culture to contemporary scholars. Considering that the two Achaemenid and Sassanid dynasties among the ancient dynasties of Iran, in the land of Pars, ultimately conquered power ruled a great part of the civilized world , And in terms of progress in civilization, art, the preservation and development of the culture of the Old East and exceled the other contemporary civilizations of that time, the inscriptions belonging to these two ancient dynasties have attracted attention to us. The study of the Achaemenid and Sasanian inscriptions in this paper, is comparing them with the help of modern inferential statistics methods. In spite of the importance of interdisciplinary studies and the application of statistics and mathematics in archeology, no research has ever been carried out In this research, the descriptive-deductive research method is based on the gathering of library and documentary information. The statistical population consisted of all inscriptions left from the Sassanid and Achaemenid periods and a random sampling method. These methods include descriptive and inferential statistical methods, in particular testing statistical hypotheses such as student test, Chi-Square Test and its related results. In the present article, due to the numerous of Achaemenid and Sassanids inscriptions inside and outside the Iranian plateau and the quantitative limitation of the article has been derivationed random sample of 87 inscriptions from a collection of inscriptions Two periods only inscriptions which are located within the geographical boundaries of ancient Iran.(39 inscriptions are from the Achaemenid period and 48 inscriptions are from the Sassanid period). The variables, the number of rows, the number of languages used in each, the place of the inscriptions, along with the shape or absence, the scattering of the collection, the language, substance, and the current location of the maintenance are considered which variable number of rows and the number of language used quantitatively and the rest are measured qualitively. In order to answer the main question, which differences are between the inscriptions in terms of the variables mentioned above? Research findings show that there is a significant difference between the inscriptions under investigation in these two periods, statistically and these differences, , can be analyzed historically. Among them, in the Sassanid period, familiarity with the paper was more extensive than the Achaemenid period and as a tool beside the inscriptions. This subject itself can be a reason for the difference in the lines in these two periods and the increase in the lines of the Achaemenid script verses the Sassanid Or that the wars between the Sassanids and the eastern Roman Empire caused the gradual influence of the culture of the archaic tradition of the eastern Roman Empire and because of the fact that the use of rocks was very common in the construction of Sassanid arches; therefore, in this period rocks replaced the gold and silver of the Achaemenid inscriptions and It was used as the main material in architecture and inscription, which is consistent with the results obtained..

One of the problems encountered in Safavid historiographical criticism is lack of information on biography, approaches, and viewpoints of historians and chroniclers who were mainly the court administrators. In this study, two courtier historians at the time of Shah Abbas I (996-1038 AH) have been selected: Iskandar Beg, the author of History of Alam Aray Abbasi, as the special secretary, and Molla Jalal Yazdi, the author of Abbasid History, as the astronomer. Both served Shah Abbas I about thirty years. The reasons for the selection of these two historians are their contemporary career lives, encountering events occurred in a certain period of time, provision of different reports, and finally, writing their history in the name of Shah Abbas I. The present paper aims at comparing the chronology styles of these two historians and their viewpoints about certain common historical issues; such as Khan Ahmad s’ rise, Shah Abbas’ rescue from death in 1001 AH, his travelling from Isfahan to Mashhad on foot in 1010 AH, and the like. This paper answers such questions as what factors influenced the chronology styles and viewpoints of each of these historians and why there are few common issues in their works, despite them living in the same period. Altogether, it can be said that chronological approaches of each of them were influenced by quantity and quality of their knowledge of chronology. Moreover, their career features had an influence on their viewpoints and perception of issues.

Producing skill in Iran has a long history and Iranians have been familiar with this valuable product since long. Producing it has been very common mainly in northern cities of Iran. In 11th century (AH)/17th century AC, with coming the partogeese, the English and then the Dutch into iran, because of their need to such a material, they entered it into the inter-national markets. It became then a factor of serious competition among the above mentioned peoples. This article aims to survey the role of silk in the trade relatisns of Iran and Netherlands during the safaviyee era. And to find out how the Dutch with enough experience in the east trade, after the establishing east Indian company of Netherlands and then after expelling the Dutch, how they had precedence over their rivals, and that with the dispatch of their representatives to Iran . how they could have established trade relations with Iran since shah Abbass’ era , and became consequently a major customer of Iranian silk. This effected the economy of Iran in the time of safavis, without any shadow of doubt.