فهرست مطالب shahla choobchian

In the past decades, the climate change has affected the stability of the production of the agricultural sector, especially the water security component of the exploitation units in global scale and in Iran. In this regards, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the perception of water resources experts about the challenges of water security risk management in the agricultural exploitation units of Hamedan province during 2022-2023. The population and the statistical sample of the research were 100 and 80 subject matter experts and professionals from three Rural Cooperative Organizations, a Regional Water Joint Stock Company, and a Provisional Agricultural Jihad Organization in Hamedan province. Questionnaires were completed using a simple random method. A researcher-designed questionnaire was the primary research tool, validated by a team of sustainability experts and faculty members from the University of Tehran and Tarbiat Modares University. Reliability was assessed through Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability, with data analysis conducted using SMARTPLS3 and SPSS25 software. The results showed that among the independent variables studied, the "managerial-social" indicator with an influence coefficient of 0.76 (β = 0.76) had the greatest role in explaining the dependent variable (total challenges of water security risk management in operating units of Hamedan province). Then, the "technical-infrastructural", "environmental-agricultural", and "economic-financial" indicator respectively. Therefore, policy makers and agricultural insurance fund planners can reduce the challenges of water security risk management by adopting appropriate strategies in each sector.

Fisheries tourism is a relatively new style of tourism in many countries, which has brought many benefits to both sectors by merging the tourism and fishing sectors. To create and develop fisheries tourism, the participation of the local community, including the fishermen community, as one of the most important groups related to fisheries tourism, is considered an effective tool and an important element. Among the most important prerequisites for the participation of communities in the development of fisheries tourism is the intention of these communities to participate. Therefore, this research was conducted with the general purpose of investigating the intention of fishermen to participate in fisheries tourism and the factors affecting it. This research is practical in terms of purpose, is descriptivr - correlational in terms of analysis, and has been carried out through survey relying on the theory of planned behavior. The statistical population in this research was fishermen who are members of beach seine cooperatives in the Caspian Sea Coastline(N=9594). Due to the distribution of fishermen in the three provinces of Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan, the sample size of the study was determined to be 209 fishermen and the samples were selected using the multi-stage random sampling method. Data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire, which was designed based on the theoretical framework of the research and based on the The Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB). The results showed that fishermen who are members of beach seine cooperatives in the Caspian Sea Coastline have a high intention to accept and participate in the implementation of fisheries tourism. The results also showed that participation in the program "watching the local fish markets by fisheries tourists" has the highest level of intention among all fisheries tourism activities among the fishermen of beach seine cooperatives. They also expressed their intention to participate in programs for "watching beach seine fishing and throwing nets". "staying in the house of local people and being familiar with local fishing communities (cultures and customs)" and cooperation to "participation in local festivals related to fisheries" were other activities that fishermen were interested in participating them.

Due to the high volume of their daily production, the optimal management of food waste is of special importance in all countries, especially from the environmental and health point of views. Because of its chemical and structural nature, this type of waste is easily decomposed and has a high potential to produce leachate and emit greenhouse gases, soil pollution, etc. in case of improper management. Due to the importance of the subject, the present study was carried out with the general aim of analyzing the content of the upstream documents at three national, regional and local levels in order to deduce the goals of the sustainable waste management system in Tehran. For this purpose, 15 upstream documents (5 national documents, 5 regional documents and 5 local documents) were selected as targeted and available samples for study. The selected documents were analyzed using the content analysis method of Gal et al. and the relevant concepts were extracted and coded. According to the results, the goals of sustainable food waste management in Tehran are presented in the form of five institutional (integration and inclusion of key elements of the urban waste management system), technical and infrastructural (optimizing existing processes in the use of technologies), environmental (minimizing adverse health and environmental effects), economic (financial sustainability) and cultural-social (attracting the maximum participation of citizens) categories. Finally, suggestions have been made to achieve each of the goals.

The approach of water, food and energy nexus is a comprehensive view of sustainability; and agriculture plays a key role in the use of these resources and food security. Considering that the identification of the indicators of the water, food and energy security nexus in the agricultural sector is the main criterion for checking the status of the deployment of these resources in order to establish security in the agricultural sector. The gap in this field has caused this article to compile and evaluate the indicators of the approach of water, food and energy security nexus in the agricultural sector. To achieve this goal, the method of qualitative content analysis was used, using MAXQDA 18 software and manual analysis. The research sample included 228 articles related to the research topic, which were published in national and international journals during the years 2007-2022. The findings showed; Water, food, and energy security have eight, fourteen, and ten indicators, respectively, which were categorized into four categories: access, availability, usability, and sustainability. According to the findings, we conclude that these indicators include the dimensions of sustainable development, including economic, social and environmental dimensions, and are interdependent. Therefore, these indicators are a comprehensive tool to measure the approach of water, food and energy nexus in the direction of sustainable development.

Rural production cooperatives play an important role in sustainable rural development and are one of the advanced stages of cooperation. Rural production cooperatives play a very important role in reducing rural poverty by increasing production efficiency and can provide services that governments are unable to provide for poor people. The purpose of this research was to investigate the role of rural production cooperatives in improving the status of the 12 components of Legatum welfare in rural areas.

Methodology/approach:

 The present research was conducted using a survey and descriptive-correlational methodology. The statistical population of the present study consisted of 17,493 rural household members and non-members in rural production cooperatives of Miandoab city and 377 households were randomly selected. Data were collected through structured interviews and analyzed using SPSS27 and LISREL software 8.8.

Findings and conclusions:

 The results showed that rural production cooperatives play an effective role in improving the 12 structures of Legatum welfare (including safety and security; personal freedom; governance; social capital; investment environment; entrepreneurial conditions; market access and infrastructure; economic conditions; living conditions; health; education and natural environment). Meanwhile, rural production cooperatives played the biggest role in improving the education component. In the end, practical suggestions were presented.

Previous studies have investigated the role of one or two components of welfare, and none of the previous studies have addressed the role of all components of welfare simultaneously, which is considered among the innovations of the current research.

The purpose of this study is to present a renewable energy policy model in the agricultural sector of Iran. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire consisting of 57 items was designed. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (0.916). Also, to analyze the validity and reliability of the research tool, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) and Composite Reliability (CR) were calculated. The validity of the questionnaire was determined using face validity, Content Validity Ratio (CVR), and Content Validity Index (CVI). The statistical population of the study consists of energy policymaking experts who were estimated at about 80 people. The sampling method was random and 70 samples answered the questionnaire using the Krejcie and Morgan table. Using structural equation modeling and the maximum likelihood method and using LISREL software, the model fit was estimated at a favorable level. Based on the findings, it was found that the priorities of the agricultural sector and the needs of this sector had not been considered in renewable energy policymaking. Policymaking is done top-down and stakeholders are not considered. Renewable equipment market policies are not adequate and the market is not properly managed. Interaction between policymaking institutions is not in good shape. The results of this study can help address the various shortcomings of the renewable energy policy as well as reduce the common inconsistencies in this area. Finally, suggestions were made for the development and promotion of policies in the field of renewable energy in the agricultural sector of Iran.

Crisis is a process that occurs due to a number of natural and abnormal factors, causing a great deal of damage to various sectors of the economy and society. Due to its specific climatic and geographical conditions, Iran has always been exposed to natural threats such as drought and suffers many economic and social losses, especially in agriculture. Kerman province is one of the important areas in the production of crops, Garden products and livestock in the country, which its economy is highly dependent on agriculture, which has led to excessive use of water resources in the province. Due to the location of this province in an arid and desert area, it is susceptible to drought phenomenon; this phenomenon is one of the most chronic and devastating natural disasters which will have many adverse effects on the economic, social and rural development of Kerman province. Today, using comprehensive crisis management programs and the use of effective measures, together with low-cost and multi-purpose applications, as well as low-cost and multi-functional steps before, during and after the crisis, it is possible to reduce the severity and extent of damages and losses caused by the crisis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation status of drought crisis management programs in Kerman province, in order to provide solutions for developing these programs in different parts of the province. The present study was an applied one and main tool of research was questionnaire and SPSS22 software was used to analyze the data. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of drought crisis management programs in Kerman province was undesirable. Therefore, to eliminate the shortcomings or obstacles that stand in the way of these programs; by providing facilities and organizing the market of drought-resistant plants and mechanizing other farms, as well as training and awareness of farmers, in relation to drought crisis management programs, the implementation of these programs has been prioritized and since the participation of local communities can play an important role in the implementation and development of drought crisis management programs, it is necessary to focus more on the issue of farmers' participation in the design and implementation of drought crisis management programs and community-based crisis management should be a priority in policy-making and planning; In addition, evaluating the implementation of drought crisis management programs in order to assess the successes and failures of these programs should be considered as an ongoing process.

Considering the importance of promoting and developing renewable energy technologies in today's world, the purpose of this study was to Investigating factors affecting farmer’s intention of adopting renewable energy technology in Larestan County of Iran. In order to achieve this goal, at first, it has been attempting to extract the factors affecting farmer’s intention of adopting by browsing library sources and documents. To determine the validity of the questionnaire, panel of experts of the department of agricultural extension and education of Tarbiat Modares University was used further more to access reliability of the research tool, Cronbach’s alfa test was used. Then, for different parts of completed questionnaires, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated by using SPSS-22 software and showed that the questionnaire has a good reliability. A survey method was used to conduct this research. This research  in terms of purpose was applied research type, in terms of controlling variables was non- experimental and in term of data analysis was descriptive- correlative based on structural equations modeling. Statistical population included 2501 farmers of Larestan. Stratified random sampling method was used for sampling and sample size was determined by considering Kerjcie and Morgan table (n=331). The results of the research showed that among studied variables, attitude, perceived usefulness, self-efficiency, technology trust, ease of use, social effect, awareness and facilitating conditions respectively had the most influence on farmer’s intention of adopting renewable energy technologies and the level of intention of adopting of 83% of the farmers was in good condition.

The purpose of this study was to investigate components affecting farmers' participation in irrigation management (case of Khoy County). This study was causal-relationship and a survey was conducted. The study population were all farmers in the Khoy County in the crop year 2015-16 (N=19088) and a number of 379 number of people were chosen using the Krejcie and Morgan table (1970) and stratified sampling with proportional allocation as research samples. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose content validity was confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was determined by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient between 0.72 and 0.85. The obtained data were analyzed using the SPSSv19 software. According to the results, the participation of farmers in irrigation management was evaluated at a good level. The results showed that the independent variables including farmers' attitude toward their participation in irrigation management, awareness of the consequences of participation in irrigation management, suitability of the technical factors in irrigation network, use of farmers from information sources, social norms toward participation in water management, farmers' attitude toward agricultural extension personnel, farmers' sociability and attitude toward water officials and experts with dependent variable of participation in irrigation management had had positive relationship and significant at 1 percent level. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that the mentioned variables explained 75 percent of the variance of the participation in irrigation management.

Considering the importance of renewable energy technologies in reducing global climate changes and carbon dioxide emissions in agriculture, the present study seeks to analyze the barriers to the development of renewable energy technologies at a farm level from the perspective of farmers. The research was done using the confirmatory factor analysis method. The statistical population of the study consisted of 2501 farmers in Larestan county, Fars province, Iran. The individuals were selected by the stratified random sampling method, and the sample size was estimated to be 331 according to Morgan and Kerjesian tables. According to the findings, the farmers believed that the main obstacles to the development of renewable energy technologies in the economic sector were high initial investment costs, lack of financial resources or loans, and inadequate farmers' capital for projects. Next to this economic dimension, there were institutional, legal, social awareness, technological and infrastructural barriers, all of which were confirmed in a confirmatory model using the LISREL software (LISREL8 / 72). Considering that, in our agricultural sector, there is an increase in energy demands and environmental pollution control is one of the important issues nowadays, a number of planned measures are necessary to eliminate the barriers to the development of renewable energy technologies at the farm level.

Today, with the arrival of chemical inputs in agriculture and excessive use of these inputs by farmers, irreparable damage has been done to the environment. Environmental sustainability included actions in line with environment in a long-term period. The use of long-term is due to environmental sustainability. This study was designed to investigate factors affecting environmental behavior of wheat producers and it was done by a survey technique. The research population included all wheat producers in the Buokan Township (5473 people) and 136 of them were selected by using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sampling Table. The sampling method was proportional stratified random sampling. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via the LISREL software was used to evaluate validity and reliability of the research questionnaire. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirm both "the validity and reliability" of the questionnaire and "the goodness of the latent variables". The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that most of the research hypotheses were confirmed and the “institutional” construct has the most effect on the environmental behavior and 35 percent of the variance change is explained by this construct. On the other hand, factors Economic, Ecological and Social have been mentioned as important in affecting environmental behavior.

Agriculture and its related activities have characteristics that make them vulnerable to multiple and unpredictable risks and damages that could cause extensive problems. Risk management is of great importance and a risk management tool in agriculture is agricultural product insurance. , Insurance is the best mechanism to solve the many problems of farmers. The aim of this study is "Analysis of factors affecting the development of horticulture products insurance (palm and orange) in the south Kerman province". Data were collected by questionnaire and the statistical population included 2022 of gardeners of south Kerman (Jiroft city and Kahnooj). The sample size was 324 people and the convenience sampling technique was used to select samples for the research. The questionnaire’s reliability through Cronbach's alpha was obtained. Linear regression analysis showed that among the studied variables, four factors including economic factor, knowledge, attitude towards horticulture products insurance and the risk taking of the farmers, had the greatest impact on the horticulture products insurance, totally 54 percent of the dependent variable was explained. Given that, economic factor is known as the most important factor in the development of horticultural crops insurance. It is suggested that the amount of compensation to horticultural products be revised and specified compensation in the contract be paid on time to the farmers. Also, according to field observations, it should be mentioned that most of the farmers were unaware of agricultural loans. Therefore, in order to further increase the awareness of farmers in this area, immediate actions should be taken and governments can play a significant role in this respect.
collectively 54 percent of the dependent variable was explained. Given that, economic factor known as the most important factor in the development of horticultural crops insurance, it is suggested that the amount of compensation to horticultural products be revised and specified compensation in the contract be payed on time to the farmers.

The purpose of this study is investigating the status of deployment of Knowledge Management Components In line of Development of Drought Crisis Management Plans in Kerman province.
The research method is applied in a descriptive approach and the research sample includes 384 people from agricultural beneficiaries of Kerman Province using stratified random sampling method according to Morgan’s table. Research information was collected using questionaries, to analyse the data SPSS22 and Excel software were used. The research findings shows that among the components of knowledge management “knowing information, knowledge and skills in regarding to drought crisis management plans”, “being aware of the experiences and skills of other beneficiaries”, “new knowledge and experiences lead to better and more effective implementation of drought crisis and management plans”, “encouraging others to transfer their experiences and knowledge about drought crisis management plans”, “using beneficiaries experiences in implementation drought crisis management plans” and “with assist of past information and experiences, meet today’s need and making decisions about drought crisis management plans” had the highest ranks. According to the studies, among the researches done about knowledge management, no research and study have been previously done about using knowledge management in line with development of drought crisis management plans which is innovative in the present research. Research results shows that knowledge identification component had the greatest impact on the development of drought crisis management plans and knowledge development component had the lowest status.

One of the important strategies in the development of the country is the development of non-oil exports, which has always been emphasized in the economic development programs of the country. Iran is one of the largest producers of dates in the world. The importance of non-oil exports and its role in the country’s economic growth and development is one of the important issues to be investigated. Also identification and assessment of the impact of barriers on exports and provision of appropriate solutions can help export growth. This study Investigate Barriers to Date Export in the South of Kerman Province as one of the main producing areas of Dates. The data for this study is collected in two ways by studying existing documents and Survey method through simple random sampling and completing 80 questionnaires and factor analysis and SPSS21 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that 4 factors explain about 73 percent of Date export barriers; particularly the greatest eigenvalues is related to factors lack of knowledge and awareness which explains about 43 percent of Date export barriers in the South of Kerman Province. political, infrastructural and financial factors are among after important factors

This study examined the role of Carbon Sequestration Project (CSP) in improving the social capital of local people in Shahdad area of Kerman Province. The statistical population consisted of the members of the development groups of 6 rural districts with 456 people, as well as the local people of 6 rural districts outside of the project with 1428 people. The sample size was determined as 218 people based on Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) table. For the purpose of comparison, a similar number of local people that lived out of project area were selected. The samples were chosen using stratified random sampling method. Questionnaire was the main tool for collecting data. The agricultural extension and education specialists, as well as experts of CSP in the Forest, Range and Watershed Management Organization confirmed content validity of the questionnaire. The Cronbach α coefficient was calculated for determining the reliability of the questionnaire and its value for different parts were between 0.70 and 0.90. According to the results, there were significant differences between the local people’s social capital that covered by the project before and after the implementation of the project. In addition, there were significant differences between local people’s social capital under and out of coverage of the project. Finally, based on research results, some suggestions were presented for further strengthening of social capital and development of CSP.

Both agricultural and rural development has been an essential element for progress of many countries. In order to maintain a sustainable development strategy various destructive factors such as Poverty, food insecurity, rural migration and environmental degradation should be constantly tried to get diminished. Agricultural sector is one of the most important economic activities in Iran and therefore, requires integrated planning in order to achieve development and cope with the economic, social and political crisis. In the same path, quite possibly many developed countries owe their increased agricultural production, reduced costs, and increased revenue to the agricultural production cooperatives. Significant and different successes have been achieved for the established cooperatives. Cooperatives are still a powerful lever for both economic growth and social welfare.
Unfortunately, it has been observed that currently in Iran many agricultural production cooperatives been quite inactive, unproductive and inefficient. As an institution, many of them have a very short life span. For example from 1,202 registered cooperatives in west Azerbaijan Province, only about 416 are well established. It is worthy to note, that specifically in Naghadeh Township cooperatives, only four are active. Obviously, agricultural production cooperatives of Iran should be taken more seriously and paid more attention by both the government and private organizations if food security is to be managed and poverty fought. Cooperatives and cooperation approach should be promoted in to everyday culture. This important ant step will enhance unity among community members as well as initiate creativity.
The purpose of this study was to analyze factors affecting sustainable development of agricultural production cooperatives in Naghadeh Township. A questionnaire was used to gather data. Population included members of agricultural production cooperatives in Naghadeh Township (N=778). Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) Table was used to determine sample numbers (n=260). Also a stratified random sampling was implemented to select samples. In order to determine validity of questionnaire, a panel of faculty members in the department of agricultural extension and education at Tarbiat Modares University who were familiar with development of agricultural Production Cooperatives reviewed the instrument for clarity and content validity. Minor changes in wording were recommended to the questionnaire to improve clarity of some statements. The reliability coefficient (Cronbach Coefficient Alpha) was used to determine reliability of the instrument, internal consistency was between r= 0.78 and 0.81. Statistical methods used in this study, correlation analysis (using software SPSS22) and structural equation modeling (using software LISREL8.80), respectively.
Results showed that all factors affecting sustainable development of agricultural production cooperatives and the dependent variable had high average rating. The correlation matrix of variables in the research model indicated a significant positive relationship between the four components of development with the sustainable development of agricultural production cooperatives. Among these factors institutional factor had the highest correlation with sustainable development of cooperatives (r=0.565), While environmental factor had the least correlation (r= 0.258) with sustainable development of cooperatives.
The conceptual framework presented in the paper was evaluated by the use of structural equation modeling. According to the results, the t-value obtained in the equations indicated that it was different from zero in all variables used in the model. The indicators CR as well as AVE had appropriate and high values. In the same path, the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) scored less than 0.05. Therefore, overall fit was good. Also, the coefficient of determination (R2) displayed for each equation showed the amount of variance in the dependent variable accounted for by independent variables. Thus, R2 of 63.1 in sustainable development of agricultural production cooperatives equation indicated that 63% of the variance in sustainable development of agricultural production cooperatives explained by social, economic, environmental and institutional factors.
Results of correlation analysis indicated a positive and a significant relationship between the components of the social, economic, environmental and institutional with the sustainable development of agriculture production cooperative. Also all the hypotheses have been approved and each component of social, economic, environmental and institutional had a significant and a positive effect on sustainable development of agricultural production cooperatives.
According to the results of the study the following suggestions were made: Cooperative administrators in cooperation with the Township's Agriculture Jihad Organization should provide essential training for the members regarding the principles and philosophy of cooperation in order to create a belief in partnership. Also, the relevant agencies should enhance their support to agricultural cooperatives by eliminating the cumbersome laws; provide adequate credit and facilities to production units, so that the members with considerations for environmental issues could increase their production.

Southern shores of the Caspian Sea forms 990 kilometers range، the density and distribution of fishing activities along the coast، is formed due to the natural condition and the ability to catch in each area. The beaches from the last time were highly populated and because of the reserves and appropriate potentials in Caspian Sea، fishing and fishery In addition to agriculture sector from the distant past was one of the major activities in the coastal villages of the Caspian Sea. Already in coastal fishing of the Caspian Sea، there is a pattern of cooperative operation known as PAREH. The Guilan province with highest number of workers in coastal fishery and the lowest five-year average catch and having the most cooperatives under break-even point for economic، is the most challenging province in terms of PAREH cooperatives performance. In recent years، due to uncontrolled harvesting of Caspian Sea resources many fishing cooperatives have difficulties and working in this condition in terms of economic is unjustified. So changing the fisheries management approach in this sea is necessary. This paper attempts to introduce the best strategy for improvement of sustainable coastal fishery status in the Guilan province using AHP technique. In this paper، SWOT and TOWS methods were applied as a basis for the AHP technique. The results showed legal، technical and financial support for supporting cooperatives for multi-purpose utilization of the cooperatives area، on proliferation and breeding of fish and Tourism Development، aquaculture and fish culture in cage، was selected as the best strategy among the whole strategies for improvement of sustainable coastal fishery status in the Guilan province.

Fishing is one of the most important agricultural sub-sectors. In this sub-sector more than 100 million tons of fish is produced per year that is effective in human nutrition and well-being، so by providing livelihood to more than 200 million people. Southern part of Caspian Sea with very different characteristics، suffers from various coastal problems. This area is over-populated and its sensitive and unique habitats must be protected from destruction. Biodiversity is under threat in some areas and natural resources are deteriorating. In this area there is a pattern of cooperative utilization known as PAREH cooperatives. Each cooperative is comprised of 60 to 120 fishermen. In the Southern part of the Caspian Sea one governmental pattern is dominant and cooperatives have the right to exploit in a special range and in a specific time (second six months of the year). Since this pattern only pays attention to exploitation of fish stocks، management، conservation and recreation is neglected. Gilan Province with the highest employment in coastal fishing and the lowest five-year average catch is the most challenging province in terms of PAREH cooperatives functions. According to the previous and Field studies، the basic parameters and variables derived and Management model for sustainable coastal fishing of the coast of Northern provinces in general، And the Gilan province in particular، classified into the following four cases. 1) Sustainable coastal fishery، 2) Beach management، 3) Resources reconstruction management، 4) Conservation management. This paper tries to prioritize the aspects affecting the sustainable management of coastal fishing then find which dimension is better in terms of stability and then find out which of the cities of the province has better situation in terms of ideal conditions for sustainable management of coastal fishing. In this research for priorities and ranking cities of Gilan province in terms of sustainable management of fishing PAREH cooperatives TOPSIS technique has been used. TOPSIS is one of the most efficient methods of multiple criteria decision making approach for prioritizing alternatives based on similarities to ideal solution. TOPSIS is to prioritize ideas by measuring the degree of similarity with the ideal mode. This is based on the Euclidean distance between the case and ideal mode. The best solution is a solution with the minimum distance between the case and ideal solution and has the farthest distance with non-ideal solutions. The research populations are 1) the CEO or board of directors of PAREH cooperatives in Gilan; 2) experts of Fisheries Research Organization in Tehran and Gilan and experts in sustainable coastal fishery management. The first group was asked to assess the sustainability of cooperatives and the second group was asked to find options for sustainable management of coastal fishing and prioritization of sustainability indicators affecting coastal management in the province. The first sample size was calculated according to the Cochran sampling formula that obtained in 36 cases and second sample were 20 experts which Snowball method is the technique used for selecting them. As the first specialist in the field of sustainable coastal fishery management model was selected and then the next person identified and selected by previous expert. The weights are calculated using the Delphi technique shows that policy dimension has the maximum weight among Indices of sustainable management of coastal fishing PAREH cooperatives. The results also hunted coastal city Langerood in terms of sustainable coastal fishing management has the minimum distance with the ideal solution، also it should be mentioned that Talesh and Astara cities are unsustainable cities of the province in terms of coastal fishingDiscussion and The results showed that the city Langerood in term of sustainable management of coastal fishing has the minimum distance from the ideal solution. However، the other fishing cooperatives of Gilan province، especially cooperatives in the west of the province are far from ideal model and are less stable. It should be mentioned that Fishing in the East to the West coast of the Caspian Sea is deteriorated. as we move from Golestan province instability in coastal fishing is increased. This is also true for fishing cooperatives in the province so Unsustainable fishing in the cities of west much higher than in east of the province. According to the results and high ecological instability in the coastal area of the Gilan province، spatial، fishing tool and time policy should be considered strictly and fishing in other seasons should be deal seriously and fishing in the spawning season should be prevented. Additionally the reconstruction effort should be considered seriously in the fisheries organization agenda، and measures should be implemented to involve fishermen in controlling and monitoring process of fishing and fishery resources to economize Fishing in the Caspian Sea. Also fish culture in cages can prevent additional pressure on the sea.

Fishing as one of the most important agricultural sectors has an important role in providing the protein for people. Pareh cooperatives despite of having a long history، are faced with problems such as loss of fishing catch compare with previous years، the high cost of purchasing tools and equipments to catch and transportation and Location of fishing become unfavorable due to natural and human factors that this could cause instability in fishing sector in the northern coastal strip، especially in Gilan province. This paper aimed to investigate the sustainability of fishing cooperatives (Pareh) in Gilan province and has been developed to analyze different aspects of sustainability in the cooperatives. The statistical populations of the research were managing directors and board chairmen of fishery cooperatives and Fisheries experts of Gilan province that 36 of them were determined through formula of Cochran and were selected randomly. Methods used in this paper، were the technique of multi-criteria analysis، a general approach that can analyze complex problems involving multiple criteria are used in sophisticated systems such as fishing. The results showed that economic sustainability has the best situation and ecological sustainability has the worst situation، which shows the status of the Caspian Sea''s ecological crisis.

Oxidative stress contributes to neuropathic pain. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is used for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. However, there is no report regarding the therapeutic effect of CoQ10 on neuropathic pain.. The present study investigated the effects of CoQ10 on pain alleviation in animals with chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve.. Wistar male rats were randomly allocated to four groups. Nerve injury was induced by four loose ligatures around the sciatic nerve. CoQ10 (200 mg/kg) or vehicle were daily injected intraperitoneally for 10 days. Behavioral tests were performed before nerve injury and on fifth and tenth days after injury. Radiant heat, Randall Selitto test, and Von Frey filaments were used to assess the pain threshold. At the end of the experiment, the animals were perfused transcardially. Lumbar spinal cord was removed and prepared for Nissl staining. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mann-Whitney were used for statistical analysis. P-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant.. Reduction in pain threshold and the number of neurons in dorsal horn of the spinal cord after nerve injury (P ≤ 0.001) were resulted. Injection of CoQ10 and vehicles increased the pain threshold (P ≤ 0.001 and P ≤ 0.01) and prevented cell loss in neuropathic rats compared with injured animals with no treatment (P < 0.05). Significant differences observed between animals that had received coQ10 compared with vehicle treated ones (P < 0.05).. CoQ10 abolished neuropathic pain in CCI rats. Prevention of cell loss might be attributed to the analgesic effect of CoQ10. Hence, it might be used as a therapeutic intervention for neuropathic pain..

The extent of the success of economic bureaus in a competativive market is dependent on trying in order to recognition the customers needs and answers to these needs. Characteristics of productions and services bureau presents to the market should be satisfactory for customers. This satisfaction may be achieved through proper price, desirable quality, onetime delivery, after selling appropriate services or a combination of them. Resource limitation divests the possibility of answering to all needs of customers. This issue requires bureau's recognition of characteristics of productions and services are more valuable for clients and determining the best solution (cost and quality) for discovering the characteristics. Value engineering is a collection of techniques and methods that with systematic attitude recognize the primary and secondary functions of a product or service and analyze the value of each function for the clients. Also as a management tool for finding the best method for creation this function, helps the decision makers.The aim of this paper is presentation of the concept of value engineering and its methods. Value engineering is a steady method for arriving to highest value in compare with each money unit that is spender whereas quality, safety, security ability, preservation ability preserved or promoted. Value engineering is a process that in a short time helps the project's team investigate and evaluate project's aims and functions and different solutions in a limited time.

Productivity is one of fundamental issues that in different levels and activities have 100-year background. Especially in last decades of this century its importance in industrial, social and economical activities is more emphasized. Although there are number of definitions for productivity but it needs a comprehensive and compatible definition for its implementation. Continuing a productive system needs activities such as sharing the profits, structural improvement, human resource development and etc. solutions for increasing productivity is do to efficient knowledge of current situation and working culture. According to the working culture and current situation we can say that solutions are different too. Investigating in companies and productive unites shows that paying attention to the productivity in different productive sectors is and should be different and it should be compatible with the situation. In the new world of employment and working that is changing soon and complicated, there are number of methods for continuous improvement. So the aim of this paper is presenting productivity definition and showing different methods and techniques for increasing productivity and indicating the best solution.

This paper studies the main factors influencing the performance of Village Assistance Bureaus (VAB) in Gilan province. A descriptive survey research methodology is used. The statistical population is composed of 839 VABS in Gilan, and the sample size is 149 by using a multistage sampling and probability proportionate to size in each cluster. The questionnaire’s validity is ascertained by a group of subject specialist experts. The reliability of research items were evaluated by using Cronbach's alpha that indicated high reliability of the items assessing the research variables. Eleven variables entered in a stepwise regression model explaining 72 percent of the variance of the performance of VABS in Gilan province. According to the research findings the following variables had significant influence on VAB performance respectively: organizational collaboration, village assistant’s (v.a.) job satisfaction, village council collaboration, people’s participation, level of participation in training by v.a., facilities and resources available to VAB, v.a.’s income, village geographical situation, consultation of v.a. with local leaders and members of village council, village management record in v.a. family, v.a’s incentives for village development.