sholeh bagheri pormehr

The transportation sector includes activities that are widely effective in the processes of production distribution and consumption of goods and services. so, it plays a fundamental role in the economic growth of countries. However, investment in transportation infrastructure despite the positive effects, may not have maximum effects on growth in developing countries due to mismanagement and lack of proper strategy and plan in infrastructure development. As a result, considering the nature of investment in the transportation sectorm this sector and the growth of the national GDP from different dimensions and angles becomes more important. The current research has investigated this issue based on a "vector error correction model" and its estimation in the period from 1373 to 1399. the relationships of the variables used in this model can be specified in the form of three correlation relationships. These three relationships can be examined under the three relationships explaining real GDP, real exchange rate and real investment in the transportation sector, which respectively describe the behavior of the real sector of the economy, the behavior of the currency market and the behavior of investment in the transportation sector. According to the obtained results, the variable of investment in the transportation sector has an effect on the production variable in the long term, and the extent of this influence is such that each one percent increase in the real investment in the transportation sector can be 0.09 percent in growth Iran's economy will be effective.

Financial institutions, including banks, are considered as the vital element of an economic system. Therefore, banks play a vital role in the economy of a country. On the other hand, economic sanctions cause problems in banking and other economic sectors of the country. Financial health and profitability of banks are among the factors that have been affected by economic sanctions. Economic sanctions can affect the financial health and profitability of banks in different ways. Therefore, in this research, the effect of economic sanctions on the relationship between the banking health index and the profitability of banks during the time period of 1390-1400 has been investigated with the panel data regression method. In addition, in this research, the effect of some macroeconomic changes such as economic growth rate, inflation rate, and liquidity on banks' profitability have been investigated. The findings revealed that sanctions had a negative and significant effect on the relationship between the banking health index and banks' profitability. Another important finding is that the macroeconomic variables used in the research, except for the liquidity variable, which had no significant effect on banks' profitability, had a positive and significant effect on banks' profitability.

This article examines factors that affect the Real Permanent Equilibrium Exchange Rate and determines the degree of deviation of the informal market exchange rate from it. For this study, a Dynamic Ordinary Least Square Model is applied for the period of 1369Q:1-1399Q:4. According to the research findings, increasing net ratio of foreign assets of the central bank to production, productivity and also the ratio of trade surplus to production, lead to a decrease in the real Permanent Equilibrium Exchange Rate and increasing ratio of expenditures government to production leads to an increase in it. Also, calculations show that since 1397, the upward trend of the Permanent Equilibrium Exchange Rate has started and since then until the end of 1399, the currency deviation in the country has always been positive. One of the most critical seasons in this period was the third quarter of 1399, in which the currency deviation has exceeded 32%. According to the forecasts made based on the estimated model, with the scenario of the continuation of the current situation, the equilibrium exchange rate of the summer of 1400 has been estimated at more than 25 thousand Tomans.

The relationship between exchange rate changes and trade balance has always been one of the major issues in theoretical literature and policy circles. A new approach to theoretical literature and empirical work suggest that the interaction of these two variables depends on a number of issues, including how each country's export and import markets interact, and the degree to which exports of goods are dependent on imports. For this purpose, in the paper, the relationship between exchange rate and trade balance in the Iranian economy is examined by considering the crucial role of Intra –industry trade in the form of smooth transition regression model for the period 2001: 4 to 2018: 4. The results showed that the coefficient of effect of the exchange rate on the trade balance in each period is affected by the intra--industry index, so that the lower the index, the less the effect of the exchange rate increase on the trade balance, and as this index improves, the impact is greater. This means that the positive effects of money devaluation on the trade balance can be benefited when the competitiveness of domestic products with similar foreign goods in each sector increases.

The issue of the budget deficit and its aggregation in the form of debt accumulation has always been a concern in scientific and policy circles. The accumulation of government debt can affect investment and thus economic growth, and this effect can vary in different economic conditions. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between government debt and private sector investment with emphasis on the effect of debt accumulation in this regard. The results of this model show that, firstly, the relationship between government debt and private sector investment is negative, and secondly, as government debt increases, the impact of government debt on private sector investment decreases. Therefore, enlarging the government at the expense of increasing borrowing cannot have a positive effect on the activities of the private sector. Also, the impact factor of inflation and oil revenues on private sector investment is negative and positive, respectively, and the impact factor of both is significant. In addition, all good fit tests in the model were examined. The results of the studies showed that the model is reliable in terms of these tests.

In recent years, the growth of unemployment and the phenomenon of "jobless growth" has been a major problem in many countries, although the root of it can vary from country to country. The survey of Iran's economic data reveals that since the decade of the 1380s, changes employment has not been the same as economic growth for many years. Therefore, in this research, the hypothesis is examined whether the relationship between economic growth and employment in the Iranian economy is declining; in other words, can it be claimed that the Iranian economy is incapacitated by the economic difficulties of creating suffering takes for this study, using the time-varying model in the form of space-state model and clarifying the employment relationship with the help of explanatory variables of economic growth, active population, real wages, oil revenues and inflation, examined the phenomenon of jobless growth during the years 1357-1395 paid. During the model estimation, the amount and effect of explanatory variables on employment as well as the effect of economic growth on employment have been estimated. The results indicate that the relationship between economic growth and employment during the period under review was not constant and in the decade of 1390 the relationship between these two variables was negated.

The literature review of economic growth shows that the factors which are known as the growth engine do not have the same impact on countries with different socioeconomic structures. In this way, the different levels of institutional quality can be considered as the main determinants of exploiting of economic growth factors such as foreign direct investment (FDI). In order to evaluate the performance of institutions, there are several indicators. One of them is “good governance”. A good governance is known as an effective factor to develop the economic growth, improve the work environment and absorb domestic and foreign investment. “Good governance” indicator comprises six components: Voice & Accountability, Political stability, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, and Rule of Law & Control of corruption. Our main purpose in this study is to evaluate the effect of regulatory quality indictor as a representative of good governance on FDI in four different country groups classified by income Levels. Therefore, in this paper, the effect of the regulatory quality indictor on the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth in four different country groups classified by income level is investigated. The panel smooth transition method over the period of 2002-2016 is applied. The result shows that: 1- There is a positive and significant relation between regulatory quality and economic growth. 2- The main hypothesis is confirmed in the Lower Middle income countries and Upper Middle income countries

With the development of various theories and models in relation to economic growth over time, many researchers studied its effect on the growth and factors affecting its creation and absorption.
This article examines the role of education in the interaction between foreign direct investment and economic growth during the post-war period (1990--2014). To this end, a structural cointegrating vector autoregressive model has been used where the dollar earning of oil exports is considered as aweak exogenous variable. The results indicate the existence of a long-term relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth and positive role of education in the interaction between foreign direct investment and economic growth. The Likelihood Ratio test results show that the applied constraints are appropriate and the results of a series of tests, such as the q test to detect autocorrelation, autocorrelation test of maximum likelihood (LM), and normality test, indicate the goodness of fit of the model

This study aims to provide a mechanism on long-term relationships between key economic variables, drawing on a vector error correction model with exogenous variables (SVECM). In doing so, quarterly data for the period 1374-1392 has been used to survey the long-run relationship between GDP, real liquidity, exchange rate, price index, a weighted average of foreign countrie's production, oil export earnings and government deficit.
The results show a positive impact in real liquidity's increase on output. The long-term effect of oil export earnings - due to its role in formation of capital- on production was positive, meaning that these earnings play an important role, even in long-term, in economic growth. Results confirmed the existence of fiscal dominance in monetary policy formulation, since 1% increase in non-oil government budget deficit could lead to an 0.46% increase in real liquidity. The results show that an increase in real output and real liquidity, respectively, could decease and increase the real exchange rate. In long run, oil revenues has positive effect on real exchange rate, due to an increase in government controls on nominal exchange rate, that in turn can e caused by government budget's dependency on oil revenues, or cheap imports because of low exchange rate price.