simin torabinezhad

Bladder cancer is the 5th most prevalent cancer among Iranian men. Finding prognostic markers to predict behavior of this cancer can help us to choose the best treatment for patients from the first place. We aimed to evaluate the correlation of immunohistochemical markers with tumor stage, grade and prognosis of disease.

In this study, we reassessed the specs of proven UC among Iranian patients. Sixty specimens were collected, contained of 30 low grade and 30 high grade urothelial carcinomas. All slides were assessed by immunohistochemistry study for p21, p27, Her-2/neu, E-cadherin, and CD10. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18.0 and a p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.

We evaluated 60 patients in this study with mean age of 66±11 years and majority of them are men. High expression of p27 showed significant correlation with LGUC (P=0.030). HGUC related with high expression of Her-2/neu, CD10 and aberrant expression of E-Cadherin (P<0.0001). Aberrant E-Cadherin and high expression of CD10 are associated with higher tumor stage (P=0.000). CD10 intensity was the only immunohistochemical markers to predict prognosis (P=0.010). 

In the present study, CD10 intensity is the only marker that directly predicts the prognosis. The higher intensity leads to poor prognosis (recurrence or metastasis). More studies must be done in this aspect to resolve the controversies and clarify the role of immunohistochemical markers in predicting BC behaviors.

Edaravone is a free radical scavenger which is used as a drug for the treatment of cerebral infarction and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Edaravone is distributed widely in the body and its effects are not limited to the neural tissue. Many studies indicate that edaravone has some nitric oxide synthase (NOS) modulating properties. In this research we evaluated the effects of edaravone (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg) alone or in concombination with diphenyliodonium chloride (a specific endothelial NOS inhibitor) or aminoguanidine (a specific inducible NOS inhibitor) on oxidative stress, and renal tissue and function in a model of acute kidney injury induced by a single intramuscular injection of hypertonic glycerol solution. Effects of edaravone on gene expressions of eNOS and iNOS (by RT-PCR) were also investigated. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test. At the end of this study, edaravone attenuated oxidative stress and improved renal tissue damage and dysfunction. Aminoguanidine enhanced the renoprotective effects of edaravone. Edaravone showed no remarkable effect on the expression of eNOS gene but it reduced the induction of iNOS gene significantly. The results of this study showed that edaravone could protect against rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury using its antioxidant activity and inhibiting effect on iNOS gene expression.

Several studies reported that endometriosis is associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Atypical endometriosis is common in patients with endometriosis-associated ovarian, which might be considered as a precancerous lesion.

This study aimed to assess ki67 and PTEN expression in endometriosis associated ovarian cancer (EAOC), atypical endometriosis, and typical endometriosis.

In this study, all H & E slides of 260 ovarian endometriosis cases were reviewed. And 25 cases were diagnosed with atypical endometriosis. Forty-one typical endometrioses and 24 ovarian cancers with endometriosis were included. We assessed PTEN and Ki67 immunoexpression in epithelial and stromal cells.

The prevalence of atypical endometriosis was about 9%. PTEN loss was found in 12 (out of 24 or 50%) of EAOC, 2 (out of 25; 8%) of atypical endometriosis, and none of the typical endometriosis. In all 12 PTEN loss cases, the PTEN loss pattern in endometriosis adjacent to ovarian cancer was similar to that of ovarian cancer. A total of 7.3% of typical endometriosis and 8% atypical endometriosis and 33.3% of EAOC had Ki67 staining in more than 50% of the epithelial component. Both typical and atypical endometriosis showed similar PTEN loss and Ki 67 staining (in more than 50% of the epithelial component) (P value > 0.05), and both of them were different from EAOC (P value < 0.05).

The PTEN loss pattern in endometriosis adjacent to ovarian cancer was similar to that of ovarian cancer. The result indicated that PTEN loss could be an early event in the tumor development pathway from endometriosis to ovarian cancer.

No large study has been conducted on biopsy-proven nephropathies. Our aim was to report clinical and pathological pattern of kidney disease diagnosed by kidney biopsy in our center. This is a retrospective study on kidney biopsy during 7 years; we analyzed the results of kidney biopsies and their clinical data. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18.0 and a P < .05 was considered. In 1355 kidney biopsies (55.7% women, age = 33.2 ± 16.4), primary glomerulonephritis (GN) was the main feature (57.1%). The most common presentation was asymptomatic urine abnormality (32.3%). Lupus nephritis (24.5%), membranous GN (17.0%), and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (13.9%) were the most frequent diagnosis. This study highlights the histopathological patterns of kidney disease in southern Iran. lupus nephritis, membranous GN, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis are currently the three major diseases. These results have an important role in organizing renal health plans as an initial phase in our population

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is an emerging cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) during the recent years.
There is no data about prevalence, causes, clinical manifestation and outcomes of AIN in our region. Hence, in this study we aimed to find the prevalence of AIN and describe the causes, clinical presentation, and the outcome of AIN in the native kidney biopsies.
Patients and We reviewed 934 native kidney biopsies from 2006 to 2014 and collected the data of patients with the diagnosis of AIN including medical history, clinical findings, para-clinical data, pathologic findings, treatment and outcomes.
Prevalence of AIN in our center during 2006 to 2014 was 2.5% of all renal biopsies. The common cause of AIN in our study was drugs. Of those patients admitted to hospital due to AIN, 17 patients (70.8%) received corticosteroid, five of them (29.4%) received pulse of corticosteroid, and 12 patients (70.6%) received oral drug. Around, 54.2% of the patients had hemodialysis during admission. Eight patients had received both dialysis and corticosteroid. Two of them (8.3%) remained on dialysis and 8 (33.3%) developed chronic kidney disease, but 14 (58.3%) patients recovered.
The prevalence of AIN in our study is comparable to other studies and we found the great impact of medications on development of AIN.

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppressant with therapeutic indications in various immunological diseases; however, its use is associated with chronic nephropathy. Oxidative stress has a crucial role in CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. The present study evaluates the protective effect of edaravone on CsA-induced chronic nephropathy and investigates its antioxidant and nitric oxide modulating property.
Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=66) were distributed into nine groups, including a control (group 1) (n=7). Eight groups received CsA (15 mg/kg) for 28 days while being treated. The groups were categorized as:•Group 2: Vehicle (n=10)
•Groups 3, 4, and 5: Edaravone (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg) (n=7 each)
•Group 6: Diphenyliodonium chloride, a specific endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor (n=7)
•Group 7: Aminoguanidine, a specific inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor (n=7)
•Group 8: Edaravone (10 mg/kg) plus diphenyliodonium chloride (n=7)
•Group 9: Edaravone (10 mg/kg) plus aminoguanidine (n=7)
Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase enzyme activities were measured using standard kits. Renal histopathological evaluations and measurements of eNOS and iNOS gene expressions by RT-PCR were also performed. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test (SPSS software version 18.0).
Edaravone (10 mg/kg) significantly attenuated CsA-induced oxidative stress, renal dysfunction, and kidney tissue injury. Aminoguanidine improved the renoprotective effect of edaravone. Edaravone reduced the elevated mRNA level of iNOS, but could not alter the level of eNOS mRNA significantly.
Edaravone protects against CsA-induced chronic nephropathy using antioxidant property and probably through inhibiting iNOS gene expression.

Mutations in podocin (NPHS2) gene have the key role in the pathogenesis of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) in children, but data is scarce regarding their prevalence and natural course among different all ethnic groups. This study was aimed to demonstrate the spectrum of NPHS2 mutations in children with SRNS and to compare the clinical course of disease in patients with and without mutation. All 8 exons of NPHS2 were sequenced in 99 children, including 49 with SRNS and 50 with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (control group) by DNA sequencing. The prevalence rates of NPHS2 gene mutation among children with SRNS and SSNS were 31% and 4%, respectively. The prevalence rates of mutation among familial and sporadic forms were 57% and 26%, respectively. Thirty-three percent of the children experienced recurrence of primary disease after kidney transplantation, none of whom had a mutation. The clinical response to treatment was poorer in children with mutation in comparison with patients without mutation (12% versus 32%, respectively; odds ratio, 3.29, 95% confidence interval, 0.40 to 25.64). Patients with and without mutation could not be differentiated by demographic and histological features, glomerular filtration rate at onset, hypertension, progression to end-stage renal disease, and proteinuria. Mutations of NPHS2 gene are frequent among Iranian children with SRNS. Regarding similar clinical features in patients with and without mutation and poor response to pharmacotherapy in patients with mutation, a molecular approach might be necessary for different treatment plans and prediction of prognosis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis seen clinically. Current treatments for OA are limited to decreasing associated pain, maintaining or improving joint function, and minimizing disability. However, these treatments have no effect on the regeneration of hyaline cartilage. Since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been described as promising cell sources for cartilage repair, the present study was designed to examine whether intra-articular injection of scaffold-free adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) obtained from subcutaneous adipose tissue could restore the matrix of arthritic knee joints in mature animals. OA was induced in adult white New Zealand rabbits by unilateral anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT); the contralateral knee was considered the sham-operated group. At 12 weeks following surgery, the ASCs treated group was injected intra-articularly with a single dose of 1 × 106 cells suspended in 1 mL of medium. The control group received 1 mL of medium without cells and the sham-operated group received no treatment. All rabbits were sacrificed at 16 and 20 weeks after surgery. OA progression was evaluated radiologically, grossly, and histologically using hematoxylin and eosin, Safranin-O, and toluidine blue staining.At 12 weeks after surgery all knees subjected to ACLT showed radiological signs of OA. The findings showed significant differences in the quality of cartilage between ASCs-injected group compared to control group, particularly at 20 weeks after surgery.This study suggests that ASCs obtained from subcutaneous adipose tissue could be a viable approach for treating OA.