sodabeh vatankhah

The growing trend of renal failure has focused clinical therapy on the cost-effective alternatives such as peritoneal dialysis. Therefore, the present study has investigated the effectiveness of two methods of continuous and automatic peritoneal dialysis in the patients with end stage renal disease.

This study was conducted in the form of a systematic review. Advanced search was done in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus databases, and in title, abstract, and keyword fields without any restrictions. The inclusion criteria included clinical trial research focused on two methods of peritoneal dialysis. The process of data extraction was performed, using a standard checklist. The quality of the studies was evaluated by the Cochrane quality assessment checklist and the results of the indicators were analyzed in the form of meta-analysis.

A total of 5 clinical trials, including 311 patients, were included in the study. All studies had high quality. Automated method has the advantage of continuous procedure in terms of complications such as mortality (RR 1.42, 95% CI 0.48 to 4.21), peritonitis (RR: 0.80, 95% CI 0.50 to 1.29), exit-site (RR:1.07,95% CI 0.52 to 2.15) and tunnel (RR 1.01,95%CI 0.18 to 5.67). The kt/v index was better in the automatic method than the continuous method (SMD 0.37, 95%CI 0.01 to 0.73), on the other hand, creatinine clearance in the continuous method was better than the automatic method (SMD -0.40, 95%CI 0.78 to 0.02).

The side effects of the two treatment methods did not differ, but considering the indicators of dialysis adequacy, creatinine clearance was performed better in the continuous outpatient method, while the results of the kt/v index in the automatic method were better. In terms of cost items, along with clinical indicators, it seems that final decision-making for macro-health policies has helped.

  Development of the tourism sector and health tourism specifically can improve the Non-Oil GDP. In this regard, in accordance with the policies of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, international patient department establishment has been facilitatated health tourism development in the affiliated hospitals. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of international patient department and its effect on the attraction of medical tourists among hospitals affiliated to Medical Sciences Universities in Tehran City.
Matrials and This analytical cross-sectional study was designed and conducted in 2017. Study population consisted of all hospitals affilliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU). In this study, hospital entrance criteria was certified by the Health Tourism Department of MOHME. Data was collected using the health tourism assessment checklist which approved by the MOHME. SPSS version 24 utilized to data analysis using descriptive and Inferential statistics. The study results revealed that the overall performance of international patient department was evaluated at a desirable level (87.5 score) in hospitals of Tehran city. Hospitals had the highest rank of hoteling indices (95/100), in compliance with the regulations and functional indicators gained 87.03 and 82.2 score, respectively. Also, data analysis highlighted that there was no significant difference between hospitals of TUMS, IUMS and SBMU. The establishment of international patient department had no effect on health tourists attraction. Considering the purpose and mission of international patient department to facilitate the provision of quality and satisfactory services in health tourists, management and oversight mechanisms for the standards implementation such as patient admission, follow up in the origin country and development of hospital marketing policies in order to attract international patients and increase hospital incomes are recommended.

In today''s changing and uncertain environment, there is a need for transformational leaders. Besides, due to lack of effective leaders in organizations, identifying factors influencing managers to act as transformational managers is very important. Spirituality is one of the factors, which cause managers to act as transformational managers.. This study aimed to investigate the association between managers'' spirituality at work and their leadership styles in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran in 2012.. This was an applied, cross-sectional and descriptive-analytic study conducted on all managers at different levels (n = 44) and a sample of 74 employees of the Vice Chancellor of Management Development and Resource Planning of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran in 2012. Data was collected using two questionnaires evaluating managers'' leadership styles and their spirituality at work. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS 16.0 by Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Linear Regression (Stepwise method). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.. There were positive and significant correlations between transformational leadership style and managers'' spirituality at work (r = 0.364, P < 0.001) and between transformational leadership style and all dimensions of managers'' spirituality at work (P < 0.05). Multiple Linear Regression showed that among the dimensions of managers'' spirituality at work, only interpersonal communication had a significant effect on using transformational leadership style by managers (P = 0.001).. If managers'' spirituality at work, especially interpersonal communication skills improves, their use of transformational leadership would be increased. Therefore, it seems necessary to employ individuals with great interpersonal communication skills and good communication with other people and colleagues, teams, formal and informal organizations as managers. Furthermore, it is recommended to continuously improve managers'' communication skills to enable them to act as transformational managers..

Spirituality at work help to organization to face with today challenges. Spirituality can increase welfare and quality of life of staff. On the other hand, some leaders can influence to beliefs, values and objectives of staff and affected individuals. So, according to benefits of spirituality in organization and importance of leadership style of managers, in this research have studied relationship between leadership style of managers and spirituality at work of staff.

It is a survey study. The statistical community was all managers in different levels of department of resources development and management of Tehran University of medical sciences and a sample of its staff. To measure spirituality at work is used questioner of Rastegar (2006), and to measure leadership style is used multiple leadership questioner, (MLQ) questionnaire. Its Validity has been approved by the relevant experts, and its reliability is demonstrated with Cronbach's alpha. For data analysis, is used spearman correlation test multivariate linear regression analysis. For this is used SPSS 16.

Based on the findings, score of dimensions of spirituality at work for staffs, respectively were super personal, inter personal, intra personal and extra persona. Transformational leadership and transactional leadership style of managers has been positive relation with spirituality at work. (p<0.01) Associated to the regression model, contingent reward and management by exception has affected spirituality at work of staff.

Because of the three were more positive relation between transactional leadership style of managers and spirituality at work of staffs, and Furthermore, tow sub scales of this leadership style had scientific effect in regression model and explanation of spirituality at work, However other researcher are admiring transformational leadership. Therefore based on the findings of this research, perhaps, transactional leadership style was better for spirituality at work of staff. Therefore for use benefits of spirituality at work in organization, managers used transactional leadership style and use reward and punishment.