فهرست مطالب soghra khani

In the article published in volume 33, issue 225, 2023, the research center of Soghra Khani and the affiliation of Nahid Aghaei, were incorrect but have now been corrected

 Evidence, especially in the last two decades, indicates the effect of social factors on health. Social determinants of health (SDH) are the environmental conditions in which people are born, live, grow, educate, work, and age.

 Hence, this study intended to identify the SDH of the reproductive age women's sexual health dimensions.

 To conduct this scoping review, the researchers searched the databases, including PubMed, Medline, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, Web of Sciences, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Magiran, disregarding language limit. They searched the original observational articles (cohort, cross-sectional, case-control) on social determinants of reproductive age women's sexual health, assessing at least one social determinant of health for sexual health between January 2010 and January 2023.

 A total of 4704 articles were extracted in the initial review; however, 30 entered the scoping review. The results revealed that the social determinants of reproductive age women's sexual health in different societies are socioeconomic status (socio-economic constraints, economic gradient, poverty, lack of food at home, homelessness, low prospects, and poor educational and job outlook), personal determinants (age, gender, religious affiliation, marital status, education level, employment/unemployment status, economic status, age at the first sex, age over 40, dissatisfaction with the sexual potency of the spouse, high body mass index, partners' sexual education, sexual intimacy, relationship duration, frequent contact with a given partner, perceived social support, and perceived safe sex norms), social support (social networks of peers, friends, and family, emotional support and strong attachments to families), neighborhood, violence, addiction, migration, stress, early life experiences, and education that can affect different sexual health dimensions. The sexual health dimensions encompass sexual function, sexual satisfaction, risky sexual behaviors, receiving sexual health services, condom use, and forced sexual behavior.

 Considering each person's conditions and needs, health policymakers and health services providers should evaluate the various dimensions of the SDH to promote women's sexual health. Moreover, they should plan and implement the required strategies to eliminate the identified obstacles.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome with a significant prevalence is one of the most common disorders among reproductive aged women whose quality of life is affected by this disease and its complications. 

This scoping review study was conducted in 2023 by searching for related studies published from 2010 to 2023 in databases including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, IranDoc, Magiran, SID, and Google Scholar using keywords such as “Yoga”, “hypnotherapy”, “motivational interventions”, “mindfulness”, “cognitive behavioral therapy”, “polycystic ovary syndrome”, “women”, “quality of life” in English and Persian languages. After screening the titles, abstracts, and full texts of 901 articles, 11 eligible articles were selected. Evaluation of their quality was done by Chocrane risk of bias checklist.

The 11 reviewed articles assessed four psychological interventions: cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), motivational interviewing, mindfulness therapy, and yoga program.

Psychological interventions such as mindfulness therapy, yoga, CBT, and motivational interviewing alone or with other interventions can increase the QOL of women with PCOS. However, it is necessary to conduct more studies with minimal bias and long-term follow-up to get stronger evidence.

Context: 

Temperament (Mizaj) as an individual factor plays an important role in physical, mental, and sexual features.

 This study aims to investigate the effect of an educational program based on the temperament in Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) on sexual dysfunction in diabetic women.

Settings and Design: 

This was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) study conducted on 30 women with diabetes referring diabetes care centers affiliated to Imam Khomeini Hospital in the city of Sari, Iran, 2021.

 The participants were assigned into intervention and control groups by simple randomization. The intervention group received a healthy lifestyle educational program based on the type of temperament in four group education sessions. The tools of Sociodemographic Medical Characteristics, Mizaj Identification Questionnaire and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) were used in the study.

Statistical Analysis Used:

 Data analysis was performed employing descriptive statistics and statistical tests including Chi square, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, repeated measures analysis of variance, independent t-test, and paired t-test.

 Significant differences were observed in the total score of sexual function and all the FSFI domains except lubrication between the two groups (P=0.085).

 An educational program based on mizaj in ITM can be an appropriate approach to improve the sexual function in diabetic women.

Background and

The physical location of colleges is vulnerable to natural disasters and accidents. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a preparedness and response plan. The present study aimed to assess the readiness of accident risk management and passive defense in the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.

This study applied an action research approach. The data collection procedure was performed by evaluating the readiness of the faculties of the University of Medical Sciences in managing the risk of accidents and passive defense. Data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics of frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Then the results were discussed in the risk management and passive defense committee of the faculty. After several consecutive brainstorming sessions, the solutions were proposed in order to fix the weaknesses.

In the initial evaluation, the level of preparation in the faculty was considered to be low (˂39%). The possibility of fire and the vulnerability of the building in terms of structural safety were determined to be the most risky factors in the college. After improving the risk management process, the faculty's level of preparedness was determined to be average (40-60%).

The current action research approach improved the safety of the college. No budget allocation for safety measures and the time-consuming communication process between different departments are the major obstacles to achieving optimal safety in educational spaces.

The Genital self-image is one of the important components of sexual health, which means women's attitude, feelings and beliefs about their genital organs, which is associated with sexual satisfaction and all aspects of women's sexual performance. Therefore, considering the importance of genital self-image in women's sexual health, this study was conducted with the aim of reviewing effective interventions on women's genital self-image.
To conduct this scoping  review, search was done in the databases Scopus, SID, PubMed, Magiran, Library of Cochrane, Web of Science and Google scholar search engine with keywords Genital Body image, genital self-image, Genital appearance, genital self-perception, Women, Female, Intervention and Method. Data were extracted from studies that were consistent with the objectives of the study. The quality of the articles was evaluated based on the Cochrane Risk of bias assessment tool.
Out of a total of 418 searched studies, 11 studies matched the study criteria. Based on the results, the effective interventions on genital self-image of women are divided into three categories. The first class  includes educational interventions (Psychosexual Education, Sexual Assertiveness Training, Brief Educational Video, Sex Education, sexual skills training, Self-Encouragement Skills Training, effects of exposure to pictures of natural vulvas), the second class includes exercise interventions (Qigong exercise, water Pilates), and the third class includes counseling interventions (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy).
By using appropriate approaches in different ways, such as educational, exercise and counseling interventions, it is possible to improve women's genital self-image and sexual skills and correct their sexual beliefs and attitudes. It is suggested that in order to improve sexual health, special attention should be given to improving the genital self-image of women. However, more culture-based research is still needed to adopt the best interventions and drive policy change.

In the present study, the anti-biofilm activity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Nisin was investigated on biofilm-forming abilities of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains and the expression of the biofilm-associated genes.

In this study, the standard strain of L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and Nisin were used to assess their anti-microbial and anti-biofilm effects on S. epidermidis (RP62A).

The MIC and MBC analysis showed that Nisin at 256 μg/mL and 512 μg/mL, and L. rhamnosus GG at 1×107 CFU/mL and 1×108 CFU/mL have anti-microbial activity compared to the negative control respectively. L. rhamnosus GG bacteria and Nisin inhibited the biofilm formation of S. epidermidis based on optical density of at 570 nm (P <0.001). The relative mRNA expression of aap, icaA, and icaD genes was significantly reduced compared to the negative control after treating S. epidermidis with sub-MIC of Nisin (0.44, 0.25 and 0.6 fold, respectively) (P>0.05). In addition, the relative expression of aap and icaA genes, but not icaD (P>0.05), was significantly lower than the negative control (0.62 and 0.7 fold, respectively) (P>0.05), after exposure to the sub MIC of L. rhamnosus GG.

Nisin and L. rhamnosus GG exhibit potent activity against biofilm-forming abilities of S. epidermidis and these agents could be utilized as an anti-biofilm agents against S. epidermidis infections.

New changes in the health care system have made cancer care in home settings rather than in-patient situation. The diagnosis of breast cancer in a woman affects all family members and accordingly changes the duties of family members. Family involvement in this patient’s care may consequence better outcomes. Family caregivers can be unpaid family members who help the patient with physical care and the disease process, and they should know their roles to do it better. This study aimed to review family caregivers’ roles in the life of women with breast cancer. 

Database search was done in google scholar, PubMed, science direct, Magiran, and SID. The keywords were Family Caregivers, Breast Cancer, and Role. Research articles published from 1990 till 2017 with the relevant topic were selected for this study. Overall 80 articles were searched and 42 were used. 

 After reviewing these articles family caregivers’ roles were organized in three dimensions. 1) medical-instrumental roles such as screening, diagnosis, treatment, Physical care of the patient, and pain relieve 2) psychosocial roles such as decision making, encouraging and giving hope, emotional and spiritual support, and Strengthen relationships and 3) Roles related to finance such as life cost, providing treatment and care cost and following insurance claims. 

 Family caregivers of patients with breast cancer can learn specific roles to care for their family members or friends to have fewer side effects during caregiving.

Background and Objective Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections and the main cause of cervical cancer, which increases and persists under various factors. This review study aims to investigate the relationship between psychological disorders and the persistence of HPV infection.
Materials & Methods This scoping review study was conducted in 2023 by searching for the related articles in SID, PubMed, MagIran, IranDoc, Science Direct, Scopus and Google scholar databases. Finally, 8 eligible articles were selected. Their quality was examined by the Appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies (AXIS) and the critical appraisal skills program (CASP) checklists.
Results Seven studies showed that stress caused by psychological, social and physical issues can cause the persistence or risk of HPV infection, change in cervical cells, and increase in the risk of cervical cancer. One study showed that depression and associated disorders such as sleep disorder can be related to the persistence or risk of HPV infection, change in cervical cells, and the risk of cervical cancer.
Conclusion The persistence of HPV infection can be related to psychological disorders. The findings of this study can be used to design clinical trials to examine this relationship.

Women with urinary incontinence (UI) during pregnancy may have a greater of experiencing postpartum UI symptoms than women who do not. Pelvic floor muscle exercises can reduce the symptoms of urinary stress incontinence. This policy brief concisely summarizes research findings and policy recommendations to improve antenatal and postnatal pelvic floor muscle training. However, this policy does not work automatically and must be incorporated in primary health care service design and delivery. This policy brief discusses a clear recommendation based on the best evidence to improve prenatal care services. It argues that the key is high-quality prenatal care that is available, affordable, accessible, and compatible with the needs of pregnant women and health care providers.

Unplanned pregnancy in the first year after delivery in high-risk and adolescent mothers can have numerous complications. This study aims to investigate the effective strategies for the use of contraceptive methods in the postpartum period by adolescent mothers in Iran.

This qualitative study, using the nominal group technique (NGT), was conducted in 2019 during a journal club with the presence of professors and students in midwifery and reproductive health. The NGT included five steps: Recording of ideas during 5 minutes of silence, clarifying ideas, prioritizing important ideas, voting, and selecting the first five priorities.

Five priorities were education, counseling, providing the contraceptive methods, modification of population policies, and correct identification of the vulnerable groups. Accordingly, strategies were categorized as (a) evidence-based education and counseling on appropriate use of contraceptive methods during pregnancy, after delivery, and during postnatal visits, (b) providing contraceptive methods to the high-risk group of women for free in health centers, and (c) modification of population policies.

There are appropriate strategies for the contraceptive use such as education, counseling, providing the contraceptive methods, and modification of population policies that can temporarily prevent pregnancy in high-risk adolescent women in Iran.

Human papillomavirus is one of the most important and common sexually transmitted viruses.

The aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of patients with genital warts. Setting and Design: The present study was conducted by descriptive phenomenological method of Colaizzi’s approach in 2020. Sampling was performed from Iranian people referring to the gynecologist’s clinics in Iran.

This study was carried out with 23 participants with genital warts who were chosen by purposive sampling based on the data saturation. The semistructured interview was used Guba and Lincoln proposed criteria were used for the rigor and strength of the study. Statistical Analysis Used: Data analysis was performed by the Colaizi method. OneNote software was used for the data analysis.

Patients with the age group of 15–45 years were included. Classification of codes leads to the extraction of 8 sub-themes and four main themes, including numerous fears (fear of rejection and fear of the outcomes of the disease), lack of awareness and misconceptions regarding disease (denial of the main way of getting genital warts, resorting to unconventional therapies), seeking support (the need for financial support and also medical support), and bitter experiences of the disease (physical and psychological problems and disruption of emotional and sexual relationship).

Due to the various physical and psychological adverse effects of genital warts, it should be emphasized on increasing public awareness about the prevention, treatment, and predicting the risk of the disease in the community.

Many couples’ problems are related to failure a successful relationship.

The aim of this study was to investigate the demand/withdraw communication pattern and its related factors between couples. Setting and Design: This cross-sectional study was performed on couples in Sari, Iran, 2018.

This study was performed on 260 couples living in Sari who were selected through cluster sampling. Data were collected using a social-medical questionnaire, NEO Personality Inventory, General Health Questionnaire, Enrich couple scale, and couples Communication Patterns Questionnaire (CPQ). Statistical Analysis Used: For data analysis, we used descriptive (mean standard deviation [SD]) and frequency and inferential statistics (simple and multiple regression model).

The mean (SD) of women’s age was 34.08 (7.71) years, whereas the mean (SD)and of men’s age was 39.13 (9.18) years. Furthermore, 34.2% of women and 38.8% of men used the demand/withdraw communication pattern. The results of regression showed that the variables of flexibility (P = 0.036), conscientiousness (P = 0.011), and satisfaction of socioeconomic status (P = 0.038) were positively and current pregnancy (P = 0.005) and female marriage age (P = 0.019) were had negatively correlated with demand/ withdraw communication pattern in both women and men

According to the results, there was a relationship between couples’ demand/withdraw communication pattern and demographic characteristics, marital satisfaction, and personality traits. Therefore, it is recommended that the factors related to couples’ communication patterns to provide a solution to promote these patterns toward constructive communication pattern and take effective steps toward preventing marital conflicts for establishing a more efficient relationship.

Hot flashes (HF) are a common symptom during the menopausal transition. It is therefore important to identify effective drugs that can alleviate HF. This study aimed to systematically review published clinical trials on the efficacy and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) in the treatment of HF in healthy menopausal women.

In this systematic review, articles published during 2003-2019 in PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, PsycINFO, CINAHL, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar as well as Iranian databases such as SID, and Magiran were searched. The quality of the selected articles was assessed using the Jadad score calculation.

Thirty-six articles on randomized controlled trials were included in this study, out of which 27 articles had acceptable, and nine had weak methodological quality. Findings on SSRIs class of drugs indicated that escitalopram, paroxetine, and fluoxetine have higher efficacy and safety in the treatment of menopausal HF than other drugs. Studies on the effectiveness of sertraline, citalopram, and fluvoxamine are limited in number or show inconsistent results. Therefore, further high-quality studies are required to confirm their effectiveness in alleviating HF. Within the SNRIs class, venlafaxine and desvenlafaxine showed significant efficacy in the treatment of menopausal HF. However, studies on the effectiveness of duloxetine are also limited, which requires further research.

Most studies have indicated the efficacy and safety of some antidepressants, such as SSRIs and SNRIs, in decreasing the frequency and severity of HF. These drugs are therefore recommended for the treatment of menopausal HF.

Context:

 Childbearing is the most important determinants of population fluctuations. Childbearing decision-making is one of the most important issues in couple’s life.

This study was done to determine the effect of transtheoretical model-based education on reproductive age woman’s decision-making toward childbearing. Setting and Design: This quasi-experimental study was done in nine urban community health centers in Amol city in Iran in 2017.

In this study, we used multistage random sampling method was conducted among 75 reproductive age women (38 in the intervention group and 37 in the control group). Education in intervention group conducted in five sessions (specific content for precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation group) and continued in weekly online sessions (for 6 months). Control group got education according to routine program from health centers. All participants evaluated by demographic and decision-making questionnaires (based on transtheoretical model) before, 3, and 6 months after education. Statistical Analysis Used: Mean, standard deviation, frequency, t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, Mann– Whitney U, and Generalized Estimation Equation Test used.

The mean (standard deviation) of childbearing decision-making scores in education and control groups were as following: in the preeducation, 99.00 (16.60), 97.07 (13.34), 3 months later 109.34 (17.81), 98.44 (15.60), and 6 months after education 107.06 (16.73), 94.59 (15.24), respectively. Repeated measurement showed a significant difference in woman’s decision-making toward childbearing within and between the education and control group by time (P = 0.001).

The educational program based on the transtheoretical model had a positive effect on reproductive age women’s decision-making toward childbearing.

As proper communication is the key to a strong family and the couples must follow effective communication patterns in these relationships to strengthen the family foundation, improving these relationships has been very effective.

The purpose of this study was to review the strategies for enhancing the couple communication patterns.

In this scoping review, the SID, Barkat, PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, Uptodate, Magiran, and Psych INFO databases were searched for interventional studies from 1990 to 2019 on Iranian couples. At the end of the search, 131 papers were obtained, and finally, 19 papers were included in the scoping review.

The classification was based on educational and therapeutic strategies. The educational strategies included training communication skills and training life skills and the therapeutic strategies included couple therapy, narrative therapy, and family therapy.

According to the results, it seems that to improve couple communication patterns, both life and communication skills are needed for all couples. Communication and life skills training can be more convenient and less costly than the rest. Each of Treatment methods need more specialized courses and one cannot reach useful results by some brief sessions, but training can be provided to couples even through the book.

There are various factors affecting mother’s feelings, pain, and excitement during pregnancy which play significant roles in making decision about terminating pregnancy and reducing its outcomes. This study aimed to systematically review the effect of hypnosis on pregnancy and childbirth outcomes.

In this systematic review, we thoroughly searched Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scientific Information Database (SID), Cochrane Library, Scopus, Magiran, Registry of Clinical Trial (IRCT), and ProQuest with no time limitations. After removing unrelated studies, 21 English articles were included. The quality of these articles was determined by Jadad Scale. Finally, 13 studies entered into our meta-analysis. To assess the heterogeneity, Q and I2 tests were used and STATA 11 was used for data analysis.

According to the findings, the effects of hypnosis on pregnancy and delivery outcomes were classified into six categories as the following: hypnosis decreases the consumption of pain relief medicines (OR=0.21, CI95%: 0.12- 0.38, P<0.001), it does not decrease the consumption of oxytocin (P=0.880), it does not decrease the rate of Cesarean section (P=0.082), it leads to higher rates of natural vaginal delivery (OR=3.06, CI95%:1.75-5.32, P<0.001), it does not decrease the rate of preterm labor (P=0.051), and it does not increase neonatal Apgar score (P=0.27). 

Hypnosis interventions can reduce the consumption of pain relief medicines, and also increase the rate of normal vaginal delivery.

Sexual dysfunction is known as one of the chronic complications of Type 2 diabetes, having its own negative effects on marital relationships as well as quality of life. Thus, the main objective of the present study is to review nonpharmacological interventions to promote sexual function in women affected with Type 2 diabetes. This review was conducted on the studies published within early 1990–2019. The search was performed using the available databases including Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Magiran, Barakat, and SID. The keywords used include Diabetes, Lifestyle, and Sexual function. A total of 675 articles were obtained based on the inclusion criteria; however, eight articles were found to be completely relevant to the topic of interest. The main results were divided into two main categories: Category I: lifestyle modifications (two articles) and Category II: training/counseling intervention programs (six articles). Moreover, the research instrument utilized in all studies was the Female Sexual Function Index. The results of the selected articles further revealed that lifestyle modifications and training/counseling intervention programs were effective in promoting sexual function among women with Type 2 diabetes. However, the retrieved documents were not adequate to reach a definitive conclusion. Therefore, further interventional studies using different types of counseling methods and lifestyle modifications are suggested to promote sexual function in women with Type 2 diabetes.

Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD) among women is a complicated one which is created by various factors playing roles. One of the potential concerns related to Body Image (BI) is lack of sexual appeal in women. Body Image is often described as what a person perceives of their body encompassing the biological, psychological and social factors. The present research pursues the goal to investigate the association between BI and HSDD among the reproductive age women in Iran.

The current study is a cross-sectional (descriptive –analytical) research done on 1000 reproductive age included woman (15-49 years), performed by systematic random sampling method. The data collection tool includes the socio-demographics and the sexual desire scale in addition to the revised sexual distress scale to measure HSDD completed as self-report by the samples. Univariate and multivariate regression tests have been used in order to analyze the data.

The mean ± SD age of the women participating in the study was 32.09 ± 7.33. Having adjusted the confounder variables' effect by logistic regression multivariate analysis; the odd ratio for HSDD has been analyzed. The findings suggested that the odd ratio for HSDD in those not satisfied or slightly feeling fulfilled with their BI has been OR: 4.2 (95% CI: 1.98-9.05) and OR: 3.9 (95% CI: 2.29-6.65), respectively, times more than the ones highly satisfied with their body image.

The present study results indicate that being dissatisfied with BI is a determinant factor of HSDD that is more probable in the people with negative image of their body structure and feeling lack of bodily appeal. Thus it is imperative to pay attention to this factor when analyzing HSDD.

Men’s participation in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues can help countries achieve their national development goals, such as reducing maternal mortality, increasing the use of contraceptives, and reducing the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

The purpose of this study is to design and to determine the psychometric properties of a questionnaire on the assessment of men’s attitudes toward male participation in women’s SRH issues. Setting and Design: In this study, 449 married men from cities of Nowshahr and Chalus in Iran who were selected by the available sampling method completed Questionnaire on Assessment of Men’s Attitudes in 2018.

An exploratory sequential mixed-methods approach was used in the present study and focused on research instrument design performed in two qualitative and quantitative phases. Statistical Analysis: The formal validity, content, and structure (convergent and divergent validity) and the reliability of the scale were investigated. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis was performed using SPSS Amos 24 software.

Four factors fit to the assessment of men’s attitudes are confirmed according to standard indicators that include “emotional and gender-based attention,” “support for girls,” “attention and supply of SRH, and prevention of violence.” Convergent and divergent validity for all factors, as well as internal consistency and structural stability, are acceptable.

Given the importance and the necessity of male participation in women’s reproductive health, this questionnaire was endowed with sufficient validity and reliability and could be useful to precisely assess men’s attitudes in this regard.

Diabetes is a common chronic disease in the world and sexual dysfunction is one of the most common complications of diabetes in women. The aim of this study a systematic review on factors affecting on sexual dysfunction in diabetic women. In this systematic review study, the keywords were first determined based on MESH and then searched in SID, Iran Medex, Pubmed, Google scholar, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science Uptodate, Magiran databases. The evaluation of articles related to the title was done by strob standard. At the end of the search, 84 articles were obtained, and finally 11 articles that had good quality, were entered into the systematic review study. In this systematic review study, the findings were classified according to three characteristics: frequency of sexual dysfunction (with subtypes; desire / arousal(with most prevalence (81.8%)), orgasm(with least prevalence (24.7%)) and pain disorder / genital-pelvic penetration), individual-medical factors related to Sexual dysfunction in diabetic patients includes: type of treatment, duration of diabetes diagnosis, complications of diabetes, relationship with spouse, HbA1c level, poor training and blood pressure level and Complications and diseases related to sexual dysfunction in diabetic women including retinopathy and microangiopathy. Due to the importance of sexual health as one of the dimensions of women's health, health care providers should take effective role with screening and control of diabetes, By preventing the complications of diabetes, take effective role in improving the lives of diabetics and improving their sexual function.

The emerging Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a new infectious disease and the definitive gold standard for its diagnosis in pregnancy has not yet been established. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the diagnostic methods and clinical, laboratory and radiological symptoms of COVID-19 disease in pregnant women. The present study is a Narrative review. To do so, the keywords were searched in the Scopus, Google scholar, PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, WHO databases from April 1, 2020 to May 9, 2020. 34 articles were obtained and finally 6 articles were used to write this study. Evidence related to the purpose of this study was identified in three categories. The first category examines clinical findings (fever and cough), the second category examines laboratory findings (leukocytosis and lymphopenia), and a third category examines chest radiographic findings (Pure ground-glass opacity). Since infection is one of the most important causes of death in pregnant women and is one of the preventable and controllable factors, so by identifying the correct diagnostic methods of this infection, at-risk pregnant women will be identified and Prevent the consequences of this infection.

Most children do not receive sexual education. This ignorance may adversely affect different dimensions of one’s sexual health. However, talking to children about this issue constantly but briefly can have positive impacts on their relationships and sexual health. This study aimed at reviewing different types of educational interventions related to the sexual health of children under 12 years.

In this narrative review, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases were searched using the following keywords: “sex education", “sexual education", “sexual health", “sexual training and children". Two researchers (Zahra Barimani Aboksari and Maedeh Rezaei) searched articles related to children’s sexual health up to December 2018. 

The relevant articles were categorized into 4 groups: 1. children-focused interventions: sexuality education coaching program, child sexual abuse prevention program, body image, and decrease in gender-typed remarks; 2. parent-focused interventions: child sexual abuse prevention education and child sexual training; 3. children- and parent-focused interventions: HIV/AIDS prevention program and saving sex for later; and 4. the impact of culture and religion. 

Sexual health in childhood can guarantee the sexual health of the coming years of life; therefore, it is worthwhile to pay attention to this issue and set plans and policies in familial and social aspects based on the interventions mentioned in this study.

Couples' communication patterns is of great importance in resolving marital conflicts. These patterns include mutual constructive communication, mutual avoidance communication, and demand-withdrawal communication. The present study aimed at investigating the factors associated with Iranian couples' communication patterns.

A scoping review was performed at five stages; 1-designing the research question 2- searching and extracting research studies 3- selecting relevant studies 4- organizing and summarizing the information, 5. reporting the results.

In this scoping review, 18 articles were selected from 130 studies. The factors affecting couples' communication patterns were classified into four categories: 1- spiritual well-being and spirituality, 2- marital and sexual satisfaction, 3- marital compatibility, and 4- love styles.

Some factors, including spiritual well-being and spirituality, marital satisfaction and sexual satisfaction, marital compatibility, and love styles were found to affect couples' communication patterns. Seemingly providing ways to enhance couples' communication patterns towards a mutual constructive pattern is necessary to prevent marital problems and conflicts, and experiencing effective and efficient relationships.

Childbearing is of great importance in social issues. This study was conducted to determine the effect of transtheoretical model-based education on women attitudes and stages of childbearing behavior change. This clinical trial was performed using multi-stage random sampling in 75 women of reproductive age (38 in intervention group and 37 in control group) selected from nine health centers in Amol, Iran 2017. The intervention group attended five educational sessions, and then received online weekly trainings for six months while, the control group received routine education. Attitudes toward childbearing and stages of change in childbearing behavior were evaluated before, at 3 and 6 months after the education. Mean scores for women attitude before, at 3 and 6 months after education were 171.81±22.55, 179.12±22.55, and 177.39±20.54 in intervention group and 166.31±19.37, 165.85±21.49, and 165.07±18.37 in control group, respectively. Findings indicated significant improvements in women attitude toward childbearing (P <0.001). But, frequency of women at different stages of childbearing behavior in intervention group was not significantly different from that of the controls (P = 0.281). Transtheoretical model-based education improved women attitudes toward childbearing, but failed to change the stages of childbearing behavior. Given the multiplicity of factors in childbearing, such findings were predictable. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out studies with longer pre-pregnancy consultations and increase in number of samples.
(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT2017083131117N4)