soheila mohammadrezakhani

One of the basic ways to increase the storage life of fruits is to use treatments that can increase their quality and marketability. In this research, compounds such as proline and GABA have been used due to their antioxidant properties in order to protect cell membranes, maintain quality and increase shelf life during the post-harvest period in sweet lemon fruits. The treatments included concentrations of GABA 100 and 200 mM/l, proline 250 and 500 mM/l, and distilled water (control). Then the desired fruits were treated in the desired solutions for 5 minutes by the immersion method. After the fruits were completely dried, they were placed in packs of 5 and transferred to the cold room, where they were kept at a temperature of 12 degrees Celsius for 4 months. Once every 30 days, a number of fruits were taken out of the cold room, and similar traits were observed. The percentage of fruit damage, organic acids, amount of dissolved solids, activity of peroxidase and catalase enzymes, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation and leakage were investigated. The results showed that the amount of damage, ion leakage, hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation in the fruits treated with GABA 200 mM/l and proline 250 mM/l decreased compared to the control. The treatment of sweet lemon fruits with GABA 200 mM/l and proline 250 mM/l has led to an increase in the amount of soluble solids and organic acids, as well as the activity of peroxidase and catalase enzymes. Therefore, the use of GABA and proelin can be recommended to increase the storage life of fruit at the commercial level.

To evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation and different methods of irrigation, a field factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Station of South Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. In this study, the effect of different levels of irrigation (100 % of evapotranspiration (ET) in total growing stages, 60-100 % ET, and 80 % ET, except in the flowering and fruit-filling stages) under three irrigation methods (deep subsurface irrigation, subsurface drip, and surface drip) were evaluated on orange trees vegetative and reproductive traits, yield, water use efficiency, and water saving. The results showed that application of deficit irrigation based on 80% water requirement increased water use efficiency and water saving, and reduced the vegetative growth compared to normal irrigation by 3.88%, 17%, and 13.87 %, respectively. With application of deficit irrigation, yield was reduced by 13.55% compared to normal irrigation, but this reduction was not statistically significant. Subsurface irrigation caused water saving, increased vegetative traits, yield and water use efficiency, compared to surface drip irrigation by 10%, 17.02%, 17.19%, and 29.62 %, respectively. Also, the results showed that application of deep subsurface deficit irrigation (80% ET) saved 889.58 m3 of water/ha. Therefore, it can be concluded that deep subsurface irrigation can prevent the decrease in the quantity and quality of the product while saving water consumption.

This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of hydrogen peroxide and brassinosteroid hormone on growth after harvesting Kino mandarin based on a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 replications on Kino mandarin fruit harvested from Jiroft Commercial Gardens located in Jiroft Agriculture and Industry. Test treatments were by immersion method (for 5 minutes) and included oxygenated water with concentrations of 10 and 15 µM; brassinosteroid with concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg/l; and distilled water treatment (control). Then the fruits were transferred to the cold room and kept at 4 degrees Celsius for 30 days and every 10 days the amount of damaged fruits, acidity and titratable acid, amount of soluble solids, lipid peroxidation, amount of peroxide hydrogen, peroxidase enzyme activity and catalase enzyme activity were investigated. The results showed that the effect of both treatments on improving the post-harvest life and quality characteristics of tangerine fruits was significant compared to the control. Thus, the use of brassinosteroid and hydrogen peroxide caused a decrease in the percentage of damaged fruits, lipid peroxidation, the amount of hydrogen peroxide, and increased activity of peroxidase enzyme and catalase enzyme activity during storage, and brassinosteroid hormone with a concentration of 1 mg/l and then hydrogen peroxide (15 µM) compared to other treatments had the greatest effect during storage on improving the life after harvesting of Kino mandarin fruit.

Peach (Prunus persica L.) is from the Rosaceae family and one of the most important fruit trees. Fruit quality is one of the important factors in the development and marketing of this product. Application of some chemicals and hormones have a great role in increasing the shelf life and quality of fruits. In this researc the effects of pre-harvest treatments of Spermidine on some fruit quality characteristics in two peach cultivars, an experiment to evaluate the possibility of increasing fruit quality in two peach cultivars (Anjiri e Khooni and Gajir Ganat) using different spermidine treatments (0, 1, 3 and 5 mM) in a randomized complete block design (RCD) with four replications. Spermidine foliar application was performed on peach trees 10 days before commercial arrival (based on total solubility solids index). After harvest, the fruits were transferred to the Flowering Biology and Fruit Laboratory of Tabriz University of agriculture and quality parameters such as fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acid (TA), fruit juice pH, vitamin C , Total phenol compositions, total flavonoid and total antioxidant capacity (DPPH) were evaluated. The results showed that pre-harvest application of spermidine had significant effects at 5% and 1% levels on the quality traits of peach fruit. In both varieties, fruit firmness, titrable acid, total phenolic, flavonoid, vitamin C and total antioxidant of fruit increased and fruit pH decreased slightly. The highest firmness of fruit, flavonoid, TSS and titratable acid were observed in “Gajirganat” cultivar and the highest total phenol, antioxidant and vitamin C were found in “Anjiri e Khooni” fruits. The highest values were observed in 5 mM spermidine and the lowest in control fruits. In both cultivars, the highest amount of fruit firmness, titratable acidity and flavonoids were observed in 3 and 5 mM spermidine.Peach (Prunus persica L.) is from the Rosaceae family and one of the most important fruit trees. Fruit quality is one of the important factors in the development and marketing of this product. Application of some chemicals and hormones have a great role in increasing the shelf life and quality of fruits. In this researc the effects of pre-harvest treatments of Spermidine on some fruit quality characteristics in two peach cultivars, an experiment to evaluate the possibility of increasing fruit quality in two peach cultivars (Anjiri e Khooni and Gajir Ganat) using different spermidine treatments (0, 1, 3 and 5 mM) in a randomized complete block design (RCD) with four replications. Spermidine foliar application was performed on peach trees 10 days before commercial arrival (based on total solubility solids index). After harvest, the fruits were transferred to the Flowering Biology and Fruit Laboratory of Tabriz University of agriculture and quality parameters such as fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acid (TA), fruit juice pH, vitamin C , Total phenol compositions, total flavonoid and total antioxidant capacity (DPPH) were evaluated. The results showed that pre-harvest application of spermidine had significant effects at 5% and 1% levels on the quality traits of peach fruit. In both varieties, fruit firmness, titrable acid, total phenolic, flavonoid, vitamin C and total antioxidant of fruit increased and fruit pH decreased slightly. The highest firmness of fruit, flavonoid, TSS and titratable acid were observed in “Gajirganat” cultivar and the highest total phenol, antioxidant and vitamin C were found in “Anjiri e Khooni” fruits. The highest values were observed in 5 mM spermidine and the lowest in control fruits. In both cultivars, the highest amount of fruit firmness, titratable acidity and flavonoids were observed in 3 and 5 mM spermidine.Peach (Prunus persica L.) is from the Rosaceae family and one of the most important fruit trees. Fruit quality is one of the important factors in the development and marketing of this product. Application of some chemicals and hormones have a great role in increasing the shelf life and quality of fruits. In this researc the effects of pre-harvest treatments of Spermidine on some fruit quality characteristics in two peach cultivars, an experiment to evaluate the possibility of increasing fruit quality in two peach cultivars (Anjiri e Khooni and Gajir Ganat) using different spermidine treatments (0, 1, 3 and 5 mM) in a randomized complete block design (RCD) with four replications. Spermidine foliar application was performed on peach trees 10 days before commercial arrival (based on total solubility solids index). After harvest, the fruits were transferred to the Flowering Biology and Fruit Laboratory of Tabriz University of agriculture and quality parameters such as fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acid (TA), fruit juice pH, vitamin C , Total phenol compositions, total flavonoid and total antioxidant capacity (DPPH) were evaluated. The results showed that pre-harvest application of spermidine had significant effects at 5% and 1% levels on the quality traits of peach fruit. In both varieties, fruit firmness, titrable acid, total phenolic, flavonoid, vitamin C and total antioxidant of fruit increased and fruit pH decreased slightly. The highest firmness of fruit, flavonoid, TSS and titratable acid were observed in “Gajirganat” cultivar and the highest total phenol, antioxidant and vitamin C were found in “Anjiri e Khooni” fruits. The highest values were observed in 5 mM spermidine and the lowest in control fruits. In both cultivars, the highest amount of fruit firmness, titratable acidity and flavonoids were observed in 3 and 5 mM spermidine.

Low-temperature stress leads to accumulation of proteins, osmolytes and antioxidants, which involve in plant tolerance to stress conditions. This study aimed to evaluate dehydrin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), endogenous proline and activities of antioxidant enzymes in Citrus reticulate under low-temperature stress (1°C, -1°C and -3°C) during postharvest. The results of western blot showed proteins with the molecular weight of 30.19, 36.3 and 62.25 kDa induced in response to low temperature stress. The level of endogenous proline, GABA and activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and APX) also increased with decreasing temperature. The amount of GABA and proline in temperatures of -1 and -3°C more than 1°C. With reduction of temperature induces the activity of SOD and APX in C. reticulata. As a result, at -3 °C, the highest activity of SOD and APX was observed. Generally, in fruits under the temperature of -3°C, levels of antioxidants and protein accumulation increased.

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is known for its social, environmental, and economic importance by many people in tropical and subtropical regions. Dates are an essential agricultural product in Iran and sometimes a staple food because of their high sugar content, vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, and antioxidants. This research aimed to explore the changes that occur in chemical compounds at different stages of fruit ripening. Five palm cultivars were comparable with each other in this regard. The fruits were harvested at various ripening stages (Hobabok, Kimri, Khalal, Rutab, and Tamar) from five date varieties, i.e., ‘Khenizi,’ ‘Mazafati,’ ‘Kaloteh,’ ‘Shahani,’ and ‘Mordasang.’ We measured phenolic compounds, anthocyanin, tannin, moisture, and total soluble solids (TSS) in the fruits at their different ripening stages. Average comparisons showed that the TSS content, anthocyanin, and phenol compounds increased during ripening. In contrast, antioxidant capacity, tannins, flavonoids, and moisture content decreased. Chemical compounds in the cultivars were different from one another at ripening. Thus, harvesting should take place according to the harvest purpose in each cultivar.

Fruits are one of the most valuable garden products that play an important role in providing nutritional needs and human health. This group of agricultural products are perishable due to high humidity, high respiration and transpiration, and most of them are destroyed in the post-harvest period. In this study, organic acids including malic acid with different concentrations were used to protect cell membranes, maintain quality and increase shelf life during the postharvest period in sour cherry fruits.

Sour cherry fruits were treated with 0, 2 and 4% malic acid and stored at 1°C with 85% relative humidity for 16 days. Traits such as chilling injury, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, ion leakage, antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase were measured.

The results showed that the application of malic acid with both concentrations and at any time intervals from storage led to a reduction in chilling injury, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, ion leakage compared to control samples. On the other hand, in fruits treated with malic acid, antioxidant capacity and activity of antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase have increased.

The general results show that malic acid with a concentration of 4% at each time interval has favorable effects on improving the antioxidant activity of the sour cherry fruits during the storage period.
The general results show that malic acid with a concentration of 4% at each time interval has favorable effects on improving the antioxidant activity of the sour cherry fruits during the storage period.The general results show that malic acid with a concentration of 4% at each time interval has favorable effects on improving the antioxidant activity of the sour cherry fruits during the storage period.

Peach (Prunus persica) is one of the most important Iranian horticulture fruit. But the short of storage life and post-harvest losses are the Basie problems of fruit. This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of Folic acid on increasing shelf life of “Alberta” Peach in experimental university shahid Bahonar Kerman on design a randomized complete with three replication. Fruits of Peach treatment with Folic acid 0, 20 and 40 mMol for 5 Min and then stored at 1oC, 85-90% relative humidity for 21 days. Percentage of injured fruits, ion leakage, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, organic acid, peroxidase and catalase activity and total soluble solids (TSS), were evaluated. The results showed that the effective compared to control and reduced percentage of injured fruits, ion leakage, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide. Generally, the results showed that the application of Folic acid 40 mMol were the most effective treatment.

Environmental factors such as temperature have negative effects on the reproductive phase and can cause yield loss in Citrus species. Pollen grains play a key and essential role in the fertility of plants. Quercetin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are involved in certain biochemical functions to regulate growth and increase tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different temperatures on pollen germination and also on the levels of quercetin and GABA. The branches containing flowers of Cirus reticulata, C. sinensis, and C. paradisi were exposed to 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C for six hours and then pollen grains were collected. Levels of quercetin and GABA were quantified by HPLC. The amount of quercetin was highest at 5 °C and then decreased by increasing the temperature in all species. Also, with increasing temperature, the amount of GABA decreased in all species. The highest and lowest pollen germination was observed at 25 °C and 5 °C, respectively.

Plants activate antioxidant defense mechanisms under stress, which help maintain the structural integrity of cell components and possibly reduce oxidative damage. Low- temperature stress led to the production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage to plants. In this study, the effect of putrescine and proline on reducing the production of reactive oxygen species and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the peel of three Citrus species were investigated. The results showed that with decreasing temperature, the production of reactive oxygen species and activity of antioxidants increased in three Citrus species. In both C. reticulata and C. sinensis species, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were higher compared with C. paradisi. However, the production of reactive oxygen species in C. paradisi was higher than the other two species. Treatment of fruits with proline and putrescine led to a decrease in the production of reactive oxygen species. The highest amount of glutathione peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase was observed at -3°C temperature and in fruits treated with proline 20 Mm. Exogenous application proline and putrescine increased the levels of endogenous proline in Citrus species. The levels of endogenous proline under both low temperature and exogenous proline and putrescine were higher in C. reticulata compared with two other species. Overall, the treatment of putrescine and proline has led to the improvement of defense activities in stressed plants and has significantly increased in the C. reticulata species.

Pistachio are one of the strategic and important horticultural products. In order to increase the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pistachio trees, foliar spraying with vitamins is done in order to remove the limitations during the growth stages. The present study was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments included vitamin thiamine with concentrations of 200 and 400 µ/l and niacin of 250 and 500 µ/l, and trees that were not given any of the above treatments were considered as controls. Foliar spraying was done in two stages (the first stage, 30 days after flowering and the second stage, 45 days after flowering). Characteristics such as leaf area, chlorophyll index, percentage of indehiscent, percentage of deformed fruits, fruit weight, number of fruits per cluster, cluster weight and yield were studied. The results showed that as a result of using thiamine 400 µ/l and niacin 500 µ/l, leaf surface, chlorophyll index, smile, fruit weight, number of fruits per cluster, cluster weight and yield at the stage of 45 days after full flower increased. Also, the percentage indehiscent, the percentage of blankness, and the percentage of deformed fruits have decreased as a result of the use of treatments.

The use of chemical compounds to increase and maintain vegetative and reproductive growth in horticultural products has become common. Humic acid is an organic substance that stimulates growth due to the release of nutrients. In this study, the effect of humic acid with concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/L in two stages 30 and 45 days after flowering, were sprayed on pistachio trees of Akbari cultivar. Then, characteristics such as leaf area, chlorophyll index, branch length and diameter of the current year, percentage of hollow, split rate, percentage of deformed fruits, fruit weight, cluster weight and number of fruits per cluster, and yield were studied. The results showed that the highest leaf area, length and branch diameter were related to pistachio trees with 100 mg /L humic acid in 30 days after full flowering stage. The lowest percentage of hollow was observed in fruits treated with humic acid 50 mg /L. The highest cluster weight and number of fruits per cluster was observed in trees treated with humic acid 100 mg /L. The highest cluster weight and number of fruits per cluster was observed in trees treated with humic acid 100 mg /L. Increased yield and fruit weight in both treatments were observed with increasing humic acid concentration up to 100 mg/L. The percentage of deformed fruits in control fruits increased in both stages of foliar application compared to fruits treated with humic acid.

Mango fruit is one of the most important fruits in terms of nutritional value. One of the important characters of mango is the presence of antioxidants such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and anthocyanins in its fruits and vegetables. These compounds are involved in preventing diseases and maintaining health in humans. Amino acids have been used to preserve and enhance fruits quality. In this study, the mango fruits of a local cultivar were sprayed with the arginine amino acid at concentrations of 0, 200, and 400 µM at the time of fruit formation and 10 days after this stage. Results showed that total phenolics, anthocyanins, carotenoids, antioxidant capacity, total soluble solids, pH, fruit weight, and seed weight of the fruits increased with the increase in arginine concentration and 400 μM arginine had a better effect on these characters. Comparison of the times of application indicated that the second stage of the foliar application was generally more effective than the first stage in increasing the studied characters.

Different species of Citrus are sensitive to low temperature stress. Today plant growth regulators are used to reduce the negative effects of stress on plants. In this study, physiological and biochemical changes in the peel and pulp of Citrus fruits treated with different concentrations of putrescine and proline under low temperatures were investigated. The selected branches were sprayed with putrescine (0, 5 and 10 mM) and proline (0, 15 and 20 mM), 24 hours before exposure to low temperatures. Then, the treated bearing branches were exposed to temperatures of +1, -1 and -3 °C for three hours. Results of the study indicated that in control trees of both Citrus species, low temperature decreased the rate of reduction in sugars concentration, while the amounts of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and soluble solids in peel and pulp of both Citrus species were increased. The amount of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and soluble solids increased in fruits treated with proline and putrescin compared to control. The highest amounts of these parameters were observed in samples treated with proline at 20 mM and putrescine at 10 mM.

This experiment was carried out to determine effect of putrescine and methyl jasmonate on sacs secretory structure in stored orange (Citrus sinences L.) “Valencia” fruit. Oranges were treated with 0 (control), 2.5 and 5 mlM putrescine and 0 (control), 10 and 20µmol methyl jasmonate and then stored at 5±1°C, 85-90 % relative humidity for 4 month. Microtomey and handy sections were prepared and Studied. Antogeny changes øof formation secretory sacs in orange Valencia were in 4 steps: start structuralization sac, formation space between cell, expansion of the cavities, and finally maturity. Location formation sacs in under epidermis layers, and deeper, too. Preliminary, formation sacs as Schizogeny and finally lysigeny. In microtomey sections, number sacs were counted in different growing stages. No difference was observed in longitudinal, transverse axis sacs and number sacs fruit treated. Number sacs and longitudinal and transverse axis of exocarp (flavedo) in control and treated fruits, investigated by stereomicroscope and no Significant difference was observed between microtomey and handy sections.

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of putrescine and methyl jasmonate on lipid peroxidation and altering the peroxide hydrogen of peel and pulp of Valencia orange fruit. Orange fruits were treated with 0 (control), 2.5 and 5 mM putrescine, and 0 (control), 10 and 20 µM methyl jasmonate, then stored at 5±1 °C, 85-90% relative humidity for four months. Oranges treated with 5 mM putrescine and 10 µM methyl jasmonate had significantly lower lipid peroxidation and peroxide hydrogen of peel and pulp and lower chilling injury percentage than the non-treated fruits. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was considerably increased in the treated and non-treated fruits but, the treated fruits exhibited significantly lower activity of PPO. Peroxidase (POD) activity increased at first and then decreased. However, the treated fruits exhibited significantly higher activity of POD than the control fruits during the storage period. In conclusion, fruits treated with 5 mM putrescine combined with 10 µM methyl jasmonate showed the best effect.

Recently, strawberry growers have been mostly interested in growing cultivars for the fresh market because of its profitability, but on the other hand it requires more complicated technologies and well-educated workers. High quality of the fruit for the fresh market is an important factor attracts customers and determines their choice and prices. Fruit production cost for the fresh market needs to be calculated and efficient methods and technologies also should be taken into consideration. New environmentally friendly mineral-organic fertilizers can improve fruit quality and yield of dessert strawberry cultivars. The desired effects was obtained through the activity of fertilizer’s components, which very often belong to different groups of natural hormones, elicitors, vitamins, flavonoids, amino acids, etc. Numerous breeding programs have been aimed at improving strawberry taste and disease resistance. Three major components of fruit organoleptic quality are flavor, sweetness, and acidity. Several studies have been devoted to strawberry aroma. Fruit with intense flavor also have high titratable acidity and high soluble solids. Numerous studies have addressed strawberry sweetness and acidity. Fruit soluble solids, sugars, titratable acidity, and organic acids at maturity are quantitatively inherited. Moreover, there appears to be genetic variations for these fruit quality traits. Numerous biochemical changes are observed during strawberry development and especially during fruit ripening. The major soluble constituents of maturing and ripe strawberries are soluble sugars and organic acids. The major soluble sugars in strawberries are glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The major organic acid is citric acid. This acid contributes greatly to fruit titratable acidity, which declines gradually during fruit development. The sugar/ organic acid ratio is a major parameter of strawberry taste. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of poly hydroxyl steroids, which have been recognized as a class of plant hormones. These were first explored when Mitchell et al. (1970) reported that cell division and elongation were promoted by the treatment of organic extracts of rape (Brassica napus L.) pollen. Brassinolide (BL) was the first isolated brassinosteroid when Michael et al. (1979) isolated the biologically active molecule. Researches showed that brassinosteroids are essential for many physiological functions in plants, however little is known concerning where and when they are synthesized. In young tomato seedlings BR synthesis activity was observed mainly in apical and root tissues undergoing expansion. In flowers, synthesis activity was observed in the pedicel joints and ovaries, whereas in the fruits it was strongest during early seed development and was associated with the locular jelly and seeds. Quantitative measurements of endogenous BR indicated intense biosynthesis in developing tomato fruits, which were also found to contain high amounts of brassinolide. Moreover, brassinosteroids stimulate cell elongation and cell division, and BR has a specific effect of differentiation. Underling physiological pathways include modification of cell wall properties, effects on carbohydrate assimilation, allocation, and control of aquaporin activities. Brassinosteroids apparently coordinates and integrates diverse processes required for growth, partly via interactions with phytohormones setting the frame for BR responses. The aim of present study was investigation of the role of brassinosteroid on qualitative characteristics improvement of strawberry fruit.
In this research the effect of different concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1 mgl-1) of brassinosteroid sprayat different stages of strawberry growth (30 days after planting, first blooming, green fruit, and pink fruit) on some qualitative characteristics of the strawberry Paros cultivar was considered. This experiment was conducted asfactorial on a randomized complete block design with 4 replications in greenhouse conditions. Parameters such as total soluble solid, inducing sugar, titrable acidity, anthocyanin, phenol, fruit dry weight, fruit water and vitamin C were measured after….
Results showed treated plants by brassinosteroid, compared to control, improved fruit qualitative characteristics. So, brassinosteroid application increased total soluble solid, inducing sugar, titratable acidity, anthocyanin, phenol, dry weight, vitamin C.The best effective treatment and the best spraying time was brassinosteroid at 1 mgl-1 in pink fruit stage, respectively for qualitative characteristics improvement. Because, Brassinosteroid growth induced has been related to increase in RNA and DNA content, polymerase activity, protein synthesis carbohydrate fraction, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and starch. The yield increase in fruit trees may be related to improvement in the assimilation efficiency of photosynthetic carbon of the sprayed trees. The brassinosteroid application in wheat and mustard plants stimulated photosynthetic activity expressed by acceleration in CO2 fixing, increase protein biosynthesis and in mustard, increased photosynthetic rates that were directly related to growth and seed production. In accordance, researchers explained that BRs have been shown to enhance tracheary element differentiation, stimulate membrane hyperpolarization and ATPase activity, promote ethylene biothynsesis, control microtubule orientation and alter the mechanical properties of cell walls. In addition, brassinosteroid treatment greatly stimulated accumulation of photosynthates in the treated internode. This suggests a possible mobilization role for BR in the intact plant. As well as, in persimmon, grapevine and citrus, reported that BR compound showed, the practical effects for fruit setting. While, showed that brassinolide increased fruit weight and sugar content of oranges. In passion fruit orchards, brassinosteroid increased fruit number of plant and in turn yield per hectare and soluble solids content was 1° Brix greater than the control.
From this study, it is evident that the application of plant biostimulants such as brassinosteroid significantly improved qualitative characteristics. So, brassinosteroid application increased total soluble solid, inducing sugar, titrable acidity, anthocyanin, phenol, dry weight, vitamin C and effective treatment and best spraying was brassinosteroid at 1 mgl-1 at pink fruit stage for qualitative characteristics improvement.

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of proline and ascorbic acid on chilling injury, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, peroxide hydrogen and antioxidant enzymes activity of Thompson grape (Vitis vinifera L.) fruit. Grape fruits were treated by 0 (control), 250 and 500 µM proline and 0 (control), 2 and 4% ascorbic acid and their combinations, then stored at 1°C and 90-95 % relative humidity for 28 days. Grapes treated with 500 µM proline and its combination with 2 and 4% ascorbic acid had the lowest amount of lipid peroxidation and peroxide hydrogen and lower chilling injury and electrolyte leakage than non-treated fruits. Moreover, grapes treated with 500 µM proline and its combination with 2 and 4% ascorbic acid significantly increased ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase enzyme activity. The present study can be regarded as the first evidence that proline and ascorbic acid enhance grape fruit tolerance to cold stress and therefore fruit quality.

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of putrescine and methyl jasmonate on increasing juice quality of orange (Citrus sinences L.) “Valencia” fruit. Orange fruit were treated with 0 (control), 2.5 and 5 mM putrescine and 0 (control), 10 and 20µM methyl jasmonate for 5 m, stored at 5±1°C with 85-90 % relative humidity for 4 months and then total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total carotenoid, total anthocyanine of the fruit juice evaluated. The results showed, that the total soluble solids, ascorbic acid and the amount of fruit juice in treated and non-treated fruits were reduced during storage, but in putrescine and methyl jasmonate treatments alone and together, the trend of reduction was lower. However, 5 mM putrescine treatment and combined with 10 µM methyl jasmonate had highest, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid and the amount of fruit juice, compared to the control and the other treatments.The titratable acidity, total anthocyanin and total carotenoid of treated and non-treated fruits increased during storage but pattern of changes of treated fruits increased higher compared to the control fruits. However, The highest titratable acidity, anthocyanin and carotenoid content observed in treated fruit with 5 mM putrescine and combined with 10 µM methyl jasmonate in end storage. So, fruits treated with 5 mM putrescine and combined with 10 µM methyl jasmonate showed the best effect.