فهرست مطالب soheyla hashemi

The content of gypsum and salts in soil profiles is one of the major challenges in arid and semi-arid region which comprise un-arable lands in Iran and their reclamation need their complete identification. Shoshab region is one of these lands which areas under cultivation reduced due to high salinity and gypsum content. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physico-chemical and micro-morphological properties of gypsic-alkaline soils in this area. Sampling of eight soil pedons were conducted in order to analysis of physical, chemical and micropedological characteristics and soil profiles were classified according to the Keys to Soil Taxonomy. The results showed that soil gypsum and calcite increased with increasing soil depth. The range of soil pH was high and was not affected by the soil depth. The presence of gypsum induced soil texture to  silt and sand fractions. The exchangeable sodium content was more in surface horizons and reduced with increasing soil depth. Micromorphological observations demonstrated hypocoating, coating, loose continuous, dense complete and dense incomplete infilling of gypsum in voids and channels walls. Lenticular, prismatic, and allabasrtin of gypsum crystals were observed in thin sections as well. Lenticular gypsum form was common in all soil thin sections because of the xeric moisture regime in this region. The dominant presence of gypsum and sodium in the soils induced to angular and sub angular blocky micro-structures and the aggregation effect weakened. The crystallites form was the usual observed b-fabric in all thin sections and in some cases identified as undifferentiated b-fabric. Generally, the existing of salt and gypsum in the soils of this area led to unsuitable soil voids and soil structure which is a serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting.  New great group and subgroups of Xerepts (Gypsic Calcixerepts) are suggested to be included in soil Taxonomy based on the properties of the some studied soil pedons.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physico-chemical properties and clay mineralogy in paddy soils of Doroud region in Lorestan province. Seven profiles were sampled and described and all soil profiles were classified in Inceptisols and Entisols orders. According to the results, clay content of soils due to waterlogging was high. Due to the reduction Conditions, pH of all soil samples was nearly neutral. Due to the flooding and accumulation of oxides of bivalent iron and manganese in the upper horizons of soils, the electrical conductivity (EC) was higher compared to the lower horizons. With increasing depth and getting closer to native materials, lime percentage was increased too. In most profiles due to the higher percentage of organic matter in the surface horizons, cation exchange capacity in the surface horizons was more than the lower horizons. The amount of organic matter was high in the surface horizons because of the less oxidation of plant residues in anaerobic conditions. The most clay minerals were chlorite, smectite, vermiculite, and illite respectively. Palygorskite, kaolinite and mixed minerals had very low content. Chlorite, illite, kaolinite and palygorskite often were inherited. The source of smectite can be also transformation of illite or palygorskite, under waterlogging condition. The puddling condition increased the amount of chlorite in paddy soils. The results showed that the type of clay minerals didnt vary in paddy soils and their relative percentage varied. The waterlogging provid conditions for sustainable of vermiculite in paddy soils. The long term waterlogging condition affected soil quality in this area, and however cultivation rotation suggested.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of life orientation in relationship between attachment styles dimensions and happiness in high school students. Two hundred sixty seven male and female high school students of Babolsar city were selected by random multi-stage cluster sampling method. To gathering data, Attachment Styles Scale(Collins & Read, 1990) , Life Orientation Test-R (Scheier, Carver, Bridges, 1994) & Oxford Happiness Inventory (Hills & Argyle, 2001) questionnaire were used. In order to evaluate the proposed model of this study, path analyze method was used. Regarding the values obtained for the indexes, data were fitted with the proposed model of the research. Direct hypothesis examination indicated that : (1) the secure attachment style was a positive predictor for the optimism and happiness (2) the insecure attachment avoidant style was a negative predictor for the optimism and the insecure attachment ambivalent style was a negative predictore for the optimism and happiness (3) the optimism was a negative predictor for the happiness. Indirect hypothesis examination indicated that: (1) the secure attachment style was a positive predictor for the happiness (2) the insecure attachment avoidant style and the insecure attachment ambivalent style were negative predictors for the happiness.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between teachers’ job satisfaction and organizational health of schools .The population consisted of  365 primary school teachers  in BABOLSAR city,  The subjects were selected based on a sample size of 181  using Morgan table by stratified random sampling method. Data obtained  from both job satisfaction and organizational health questionnaire were analyzed by multivariate analysis of correlation coefficients. The results showed a positive relationship between job satisfaction and organizational aspects of health Vmnadary there. The significant difference was found between public and private schools in terms of the dimensions of organizational health. Also, there was a significant difference in job satisfaction among public and private school teachers  as well as urban and rural school teachers in  terms of their gender, but this difference was not significant. In addition,  the results indicate that there was no significant difference between boys schools and job satisfaction The post hoc test for comparison between groups shows that male teachers have the highest rates of job satisfaction and female  teachers in mixed-gender  schools have high job satisfaction

This research aims at studying beliefs, values, and textbooks contents on gender and their role in representation and problem-solving of the issue of gender equality by the students. The data was collected through textbooks content analysis and interviews which were conducted with students and their families in order to study the role of beliefs and values. The content of concept of gender was analyzed in 24 secondary school textbooks. The process of problem-solving on gender equality among students and the families were measured by conducting interviews. To investigate the beliefs and values of students on gender equality in the process of problem solving, 18 girl students from three high, middle, and low socio-cultural levels were selected, and their views were delineated through a semi-structured interview and concurrent verbal protocol. The beliefs and values of their families about gender were analyzed through a semi-structured interview as well. Findings indicated out of 16 interviews with families 5 believed in gender equality, whereas 9 held gendered views. Two cases regarded social realities and some differences between men and women in gender role taking. Data illustrated in 12 cases there was an adaptation between families and students beliefs. Content analysis of textbooks showed that the written and pictorial presentations both reinforce males’ viewpoints within traditional approach. In spite of the common message of the textbooks, and also compared to their families’ beliefs and values on gender, students used different approaches in gender equality problem.