فهرست مطالب somayeh khani

The concept of urban form encounters numerous uncertainties. It finds applications in various discussions within architecture, urbanism, and environmental design. However, its meaning is often assumed rather than clearly defined. Urban studies are typically divided into two main categories: architectural and urban historians, and geographers. Yet, these groups often fail to explain the reasons for changes in urban form. Understanding the factors that shape urban form requires a new theoretical framework. The philosophy of science can assess and categorize existing studies while offering a fresh definition. This article aims to classify urban studies through content analysis and library research. The paper demonstrates that previous studies have predominantly embraced a "positivistic" and "critical rationalism" approach, which tends to reduce the ontological nature of urban form to its epistemology. Critical realism can illuminate the hidden mechanisms underlying the urban form, leading to the introduction of the term "influential forces" to represent these concealed mechanisms. In other words, focusing solely on the dimensions of form presents a limited perspective; attention should be given to causal factors in urban form studies. These influential forces can provide insights into causality.

From the late twentieth century onwards, with the advent of globalization, architecture became a tool for branding to turn cities into places of capital attraction. This policy encouraged architecture to separate from the context and create contrast. As a result, the architecture turned into specialized knowledge and artistic work and was separated from everyday life.

Architecture and everyday life have distant and nearby aspects and are the context for emerging the distant and nearby disciplines. The current study has dealt with the distant aspect of modern architecture and later on. The architecture can improve the aspects of everyday life that are in the lower layers by applying the knowledge of human sciences and social science and affect the human community.

The current study tries to explain the relationship and effect between architecture and everyday life using retroductive approach. First, the concept of everyday life is investigated in a descriptive-analytical study and using the documentation studies. Then, the current study introduces the space manifestations of everyday life according to the perspectives of various thinkers and using the qualitative content analysis, studies these opinions and introduces its components and categories.

The findings of the current research indicate that architecture is not limited to an objective or subjective phenomenon and it cannot be reduced to the form and function. The architecture knowledge has three components of knowledge, art and value that have been neglected in the post-modern era. Everyday life also has three components of spatial practice, representation of space and representational space and each component of the architecture affects the aspects of everyday life. The current research addressed the value components of architecture and the representational space of everyday life as a part of the further aspects of architecture and everyday life. Architecture helps reduce the dominance of the different systems on space and improve everyday life in public spaces. Therefore, architecture is specialized knowledge, an art and simultaneously linked with everyday life.

Nowadays, urbanization is growing increasingly and cities are going to be more complicated than ever including local-global duality. On one hand, Cities are not limited to their geographical boundaries. Neoliberal globalization, which has been rapidly expanding since the late 1980s in the economic circle, places the world into a money game and cities into competition with each other. On the other hand, there are some influential forces on a local scale that determine the urban evolutions. Regarding these two global-local factors, non-powerful groups are neglected increasingly from urban transformation and main projects. This article reviews the “everyday life” concept in spaces through Lefebvre’s writings and draws its dimensions and criteria through descriptive- analytical study. How could everyday life be explained in the current architectural and urban transformation? Surely, Urban evolutions could affect everyday life. After that, it reviews the transformation of Valiasr intersection through historical- interpretation study. Valiasr intersection is the most important intersection in Tehran. It is considered as the spatial gap of Tehran, separating the “high status” and the “low status. Recently, an underpass project for pedestrians was built in this intersection. The results show that this urban transformation is mainly defined by administrational- status forces in the absence of social ones which mainly consider the economic- ideological aspects. It reduces social inclusion and social participation. Following that, this important project could not improve the everyday life of Tehran.

In this study recovery of rare earth elements from a NdFeB magnet was investigated. The magnet was firstly demagnetized at 450°C followed by grinding and leaching in 2 M sulfuric acid, wherein the rare earth elements were precipitated as their sodium double sulfate. However, iron and boron as the main impurities remained in the solution. The REEs double sulfate was subsequently treated with oxalic acid to obtain REEs oxalate followed by calcination of the rare-earth oxalates at 950°C for 2 hours to produce rare-earth oxides. After leaching the REEs oxide in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid, solvent extraction was carried out using D2EHPA as the extractant. Results showed that selective extraction of Dy is possible at pH

Infertile couples only think of having children during their sexual intercourse, and their constant concern about this issue increases their stress level. Psychosocial and social stress leads to decreased life satisfaction, increased marital problems, and reduced sexual confidence. This study aims to determine the effect of enrichment program on marital and sexual satisfaction as well as marital intimacy among infertile couples.
This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 50 infertile couples in 2013 in Hamedan. The marital relationship enrichment program was taught to the experimental group during seven 90 minutes sessions. Enrich marital satisfaction, Linda Berg sexual satisfaction, and marital intimacy questionnaires were completed by both groups in 3 pretest steps immediately after the end of training sessions, and 8 weeks later. The results were analyzed in STATA11 software using t test, Chi-square, ANCOVA, RM-ANOVA, and Bonferroni post-hoc test. To check the data normality, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. P Comparison of mean scores related to pretest on the one hand and immediately after the test in 8 week later on the other hand showed marital relationship enrichment program significantly increased marital and sexual satisfaction (P Enrichment training can increase marital intimacy and also marital and sexual satisfaction in infertile couples (Registration Number: IRCT201604299014N97).

Cardiovascular surgeries are among the conventional surgeries aimed at increasing the survival rate and improving the quality of life of patients. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cardiac rehabilitation on quality of life of patients undergoing Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.
This was a semi-experimental study performed on 160 patients undergoing CABG surgery. The rehabilitation program was carried out for 13 weeks (three sessions per week) in 40 sessions, six weeks after the CABG surgery. The MacNew standard questionnaire and the general health questionnaire (S-f 36) were completed before the beginning of rehabilitation sessions as well as after completion of these sessions by patients.
According to the results, the quality of life of patients significantly increased in the physical and emotional areas after the rehabilitation program. The results also indicated that there was a significant difference between various levels of research in the physical functioning variables, dysfunction due to physical health, dysfunction due to emotional health, energy/fatigue of individuals, emotional well-being, social functioning, pain, and general health.
The present results indicated the improved quality of life of patients in all the areas after cardiac rehabilitation intervention, compared to before that. Therefore, paying more attention to cardiac rehabilitation is necessary due to its positive effects on increasing the quality of life of patients.

Fertility plays an important role in sexual and psychological function in families. Infertility can result in major emotional, social, and mental disorders, including a reduction in satisfaction with marital life and quality of life. The present study aimed to compare the quality of life and marital satisfaction and sexual satisfaction between fertile and infertile couples.
This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 250 couples at the Fatemiyeh Educational Research Center affiliated to Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran, from May to August in 2014. The subjects were randomly selected from the patients referred to this center using a table of random numbers. They were then allocated into two groups of infertile group (n=125) and fertile group (n=125). The study participants completed World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire, Linda Berg’s Sexual Satisfaction Scale, and Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale. Then, the data were entered into the SPSS version16 for statistical analysis. The Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests were also applied to compare the data between the groups.
The results revealed no significant difference between the two groups regarding demographic and general health variables. The mean scores of sexual satisfaction were 63.67 ± 13.13 and 46.37 ± 7.72 in the fertile and infertile couples, respectively. Furthermore, the mean scores of marital satisfaction were also 44.03 ± 9.36 and 36.20 ± 4.03 in the fertile and infertile groups, respectively. Our finding demonstrated that the fertile couples obtained significantly higher mean scores of quality of life as well as lower mean scores of sexual satisfaction and marital satisfaction as compared to the infertile ones (P According to the results, the fertile couples obtained significantly higher quality of life and lower sexual satisfaction and marital satisfaction as compared to the infertile ones. Therefore, holding consultation programs and conducting more studies are necessary for improving the quality of life and promoting sexual and marital satisfaction in infertile couples.

Cervical cancer is one of the most important female reproductive system diseases. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of abnormal Pap smears of pregnant females in public health centers and hospitals of Hamadan.
In a retrospective study, 36046 Pap smears of females was extracted from the records referred to government health centers affiliated to Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and Fatemiyeh Hospital Hamadan, between 2012 and 2016. After checking the results of Pap smear, abnormal information (605 cases) were collected and investigated. Data were then analyzed using the SPSS21-software and descriptive statistics and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
The majority of females with abnormal Pap smear results (%30.4) were aged 45 to 36 years, and %48.6 of females with abnormal Pap smear had parity (1-3). From a total of 36046 cases, 605 cases of abnormal Pap smear were observed. The highest and lowest frequencies of abnormal Pap smear were related to ASCUS and LSIL, at a prevalence of %78 and %1, respectively. There was a positive relationship between abnormal Pap smear results and age (P = 0.037).
The prevalence of abnormal Pap smear in Hamadan was %1.67. Malignant cervical cancer and invasive cancer risk increased with age, hence, screening and Pap smear, especially from age 35 and above, is recommended.

Abortion is the third leading cause of maternal mortality. The attitude of women towards abortion is one of the most important factors involved in this issue. This study aimed to evaluate the attitude of women of reproductive age towards induced abortion.
Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on 450 women of reproductive age in Fatemieh Hospital in Hamedan, Iran in 2014. Data was collected using abortion attitude scale consisting of five sections: socioeconomic status, family status, maternal and fetal health status, psycho -cultural background, and fertility status. Mean score less than three in each domain was considered as negative attitude, while scores higher or equal to three indicated positive attitude towards induced abortion. To analyze the data, logistic regression analysis, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were performed using SPSS version 21. P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
In this study, induced abortion had no significant relationship with family status, maternal and fetal health, and fertility domains (82.1%, 77.3%, and 64.4%, respectively). A relationship was observed between induced abortion and socioeconomic and psycho-cultural domains (61.8% and 56%, respectively). Logistic regression analysis showed that the predictors of induced abortion were the attitude towards the effect of abortion on the health of mother and fetus (P= 0.01), as well as the psychocultural status of the mothers (P= 0.02).
Evaluation of the results indicated a strong belief in the majority of the participants in psychocultural and socioeconomic domains as the most significant predictive factors for induced abortion. Since it is difficult to alter the socioeconomic and psychocultural domains of individuals, changes are recommended in predominant attitudes towards induced abortion.

Identifying and studying the evolutions and developments of Islamic monuments lead to the fact that the evolutionary course of these buildings continues previous traditions. It can be said that the consistent influence of Islamic culture in different periods is one of the reasons for the continuity of such traditions. In other words, in each period the traditions and patterns of the previous period were utilized according to the need and developments. In this regard, school can be assumed as a foundation for higher education and a response to the specific needs of the Muslim community. Among others, Khargerd Ghyasiye School, as an outstanding school in Timurid period, and Chaharbagh School, as the most elegant school in Safavid period and as an extender of architectural traditions of Timurid schools, are of high importance in terms of architecture and decoration. Hence, as in late Timurid period architecture reached its peak, this hypothesis can be proposed that the architecture and decoration in Chaharbagh School has been affected by those of Khargerd School.This study aims at evaluating and comparing the architecture and decoration of these two buildings by using analytical-comparative method, library and field research.After completing the research, it has been concluded that Chaharbagh School has been affected by Ghiyasiye School with regard to the matched physical elements, proportions, some types of techniques, geometrical lines and Kufi lines. But this issue is not proven regarding the spatial structure, hierarchy, proximity, harmony with the climate, inscriptions and motifs. Most of decorative tilings of Ghiyasiye School are in the form of Arabesque designs and stronghold lines, while in Chaharbagh School they are in the form of geometrical, abstract and triangle lines that have mental and simple strength.