somayeh monazzah

Congenital heart defects are reported in different animals, but they are not prevalent. Often congenital heart defects cause severe clinical symptoms at birth or cause death in the first weeks of life. But sometimes a compensatory response occurs, and the existence of the problem remains hidden from our point of view for several years. Congenital heart defects have different causes and, although more of these defects are affected by environmental factors, there is not much information available on the environmental risk factor. Congenital atrial defect and congenital ventricular defect are the most common congenital heart defects. In most congenital heart defects, oxygenated blood is mixed with carbon-containing blood and causes pathogenicity. Despite the high resistance of the pulmonary arteries, the presence of a congenital heart defect can cause a connection between the pulmonary blood stream and the general blood stream. As a result, oxygen deficiency leads to respiratory problems, and if the ratio of unsaturated blood of oxygen is high, bruising will also be visible.

usually Bone defect occurs because of cysts, tumors, osteotomies, etc... During the past 50 years, various materials have been used as bone substitutes and bone graft. There is no ideal bone substitute or bone graft for use in all conditions. Bone grafting include: autograft, allograft, xenograft , and santetic material. Synthetic DBM is commonly used as an allograft, characterized by osteoinduction and osteoconduction but without osteogenicity due to processing.DBM is achieved when the minerals of bone be removed by using acid ( usually HCL or nitric acid ) Using DBM is affordable and available in abundance. There are numerous DBM formulations based on their manufacturing techniques. They are used as frozen powders, granules, gels, cements or tapes. DBM is used for bone defects healing because of cysts, tumors, etc… and especially in long bones defects. In most studies, the use of DBM in bone defect repair has been effective and useful.