فهرست مطالب somayyeh khādemi

Mohammad Nassir-a-din Makki Hosseini in his book Bahr al-Maani (The Sea of Meanings) pays considerable attention to epistemological issues. The purpose of the present article is to explain his the epistemological views and to examine the influence of Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani's Tamhīdāt on his ideas. This study has been done by using descriptive-analytical method and based on library resources. The findings show that Mohammad Makki not only in content, but also in words and phrases, has been influenced by the epistemological views of Ayn al-Quzat. Both mystics have distinguished between inward knowledge and outward knowledge, and have considered outward knowledge as the divine knowledge that mystics receive it due to their degree of unshakable faith in God. According to both of them, man can attain divine knowledge through self-knowledge and the knowing of the prophet Muhammad; but knowing the divine essence is not possible and one can only know about divine names, attributes and acts. They speak of the existence of an obstacle (hejab) in knowing God and believe that this obstacle will not be completely removed; and for some reasons such as content, human limitations and religious limitations, the inability of the audience to understand the concepts and the issue of confidentiality, the divine teachings are inexpressible. These topics are covered in more detail in Bahr al-Maani than in Tamhīdāt.

The purpose of this article is to explain Ibn Arabī's view on the satisfaction of the Lord with regard to the vassal, especially the reasons for God's satisfaction toward Ismā`īl (as). This research has been written in a descriptive-analytical method and based on the Ismaili faṣṣ of Fuṣūṣ al- ḥikam. The findings of the research show that Ibn Arabī considers the attribute riḍā, satisfaction, in the human field as a part of the statins, maqāmāt, for some people and a part of the states, aḥwāl, for some other. But the attribute in the case of God is a Divine Attribute and is subject to His Attributes. The focus of Ibn Arabī's view on the causes of the Divine Satisfaction regarding the Prophet Ismā`īl (as) is based on the rule of manifestation and his knowledge of God. He considers Hazrat Ismā`il as the case of Divine satisfaction for his knowledge of the subject, his worthiness and his state of being sadiq al-wa`d, .

The God introduced by the Muslim mystics has an individual existence and unity. Kashf al-asrār (The Unveiling of Secrets) by Ruzbehan Baqli is about his mystical experiences of the Truth, the manifestations of God and ways of guiding the holy travelers (sālek) towards Him. The purpose of this study is to answer these questions: To what extent does Ruzbehan follow the Muslim mystics about the individual God? To what extent is his epistemological background and his familiarity with Quranic verses and the Tradition (hadith), effective in shaping his mystical experiences about the individual God? How can the idea of individual God in Kashf al-asrār be analyzed from an epistemological point of view? By using analytical-descriptive method, the present article examines the views of Ruzbehan Baqli about the manifestation of God and how He is present in the world. God appears in the form of an individual One and manifests Himself in the shape of sage, shaykh, shepherd, musician, beautiful Turkish man, dancer, cupbearer, muezzin, butcher, lion, red rose, light, valuable and expensive stones, for directing and attracting Ruzbehan toward Himself. The findings reveal that on the subject of individual God, Ruzbehan follows the tradition of the Muslim mystics; he expresses this individuation in different ways; the Holy Quran, the Tradition (hadith) and the ideas of the mystics of the past have influence in shaping his thoughts; and finally, his ideas are justifiable from an epistemological point of view.