فهرست مطالب sr ebrahimi mahmoudabad

The aim of this study was to compare different processing methods on chemical composition, ruminal degradability and in vitro digestibility of soybean seed. For this purpose, three ruminally fistulated bulls were used to measure ruminal degradability of crude protein (CP) and dry matter (DM) by nylon bag technique. Treatments were included: control, gamma irradiated soybean seeds in doses of 20 and 40 kGy, electron beam irradiated soybean seeds in doses of 20 and 40 kGy, microwave irradiated soybean seeds in 15 and 30 minutes, heated soybean seeds for 15 and 30 minutes. The results showed that gamma and electron irradiation with doses of 20 and 40 KGy and also heating for 15 and 30 minutes reduced the rapidly degradable fraction (a) of DM and CP and increased slowly degradable fraction (b) of DM and CP (P <0.05). Gamma and electron irradiation at doses of 20 and 40 KGy and heating for 15 minutes significantly reduced the effective rumen degradability of DM at rumen out flow rates of 2, 5 and 8 %/h to unprocessed treatment. (P<0.05). Gamma irradiation at doses of 20 and 40 kGy reduced the effective rumen degradability of CP at rumen outflow rates of 2 %/h compared to the non-irradiated treatment. Therefore, electron irradiation is recommended for improving nutritional value of soybeans for using in ruminant diets

Food additives are a group of different substances that are used for different purposes in poultry diets. Antibiotics are a group of food additives that have been used for many years in the poultry industry to improve performance. Numerous studies have shown that the use of antibiotics in poultry diets, although slightly improved performance; however, long-term use of antibiotics causes bacterial resistance and endangers human health. Therefore, today, due to the limitations of the use of antibiotics, the use of natural alternatives such as medicinal plants has been considered. Medicinal plants as a natural feed additive in poultry diets have been effective in improving performance, improving the immune response, maintaining bird health, and reducing the effects of oxidative spoilage. Turmeric is one of the medicinal plants used in poultry diets. Turmeric, due to its curcumin, can improve the antioxidant and immune status of poultry. Another medicinal plant is red pepper. Red pepper has been suggested as a beneficial factor due to its active ingredients such as capsaicin, vitamins A, E, C, and B, minerals, and carotenoids. Red pepper is effective on the immune system of poultry. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of adding turmeric powder and red pepper in corn-based diets on the performance of growing quails.

The experiment was performed for 35 days using 512 day-old Japanese quails (as hatched), in a completely randomized design with eight treatments (three levels of turmeric (0.75, 1.5, and 2.25 %), three levels of red pepper powder (0.75, 1.5, and 2.25 %), an antibiotic treatment (500 ppm) and a control treatment without additive with four replicates and 16 birds in each replicate. Nutritional requirements of quails were extracted from NRC. Live weight and feed intake were measured weekly. To calculate the feed conversion ratio, first, the amounts of feed intake and daily weight gain during the experimental period were determined, and then the value of the feed conversion ratio was calculated by dividing the feed intake by weight gain. At 35 days of age, two male and two female birds from each treatment were numbered and slaughtered and carcass weight, thigh weight, and chest weight were measured. Carcass yield was then calculated by dividing carcass weight to live weight. Evaluation of the immune system of quails was assessed by measuring the weight of the thymus gland and bursa of Fabricius and blood immunoglobulin in terms of antibodies produced against Newcastle virus (HI test).

The results of this experiment showed that at the age of 35 days, quails receiving experimental diets had a higher live weight than the control group (P<0.05). The effect of treatments on feed intake was significant (P<0.05). Adding turmeric and red pepper throughout the experiment reduced feed intake compared with the control group. FCR was significantly affected by experimental diets during the whole experiment period (P<0.01), and quails received 0.75% turmeric powder (2.18) and quails received 1.50% turmeric powder (2.16) had a significantly lower FCR than the control treatment (2.69). Contrary to red pepper, adding turmeric powder improved the FCR of quails (P<0.01). Curcumin in turmeric has a positive effect on bile production, secretion of gastrointestinal enzymes (amylase and lipase), increases the length of intestinal villi, and increases digestion and absorption of nutrients in birds. Some studies have reported the effectiveness of red pepper on digestive enzymes, and performance has been improved in various species. Capsaicin (the main active ingredient in red pepper) has increased the activity of amylase, lipase, and trypsin enzymes in the duodenum. The levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL and HDL, VLDL, and total serum antioxidants (TAC) significantly affected experimental diets (P<0.05). The triglycerides of quails received 2.25% red pepper powder (152 mg/dL) was lower than the control group (261 mg/dL). The reason for lowering blood triglycerides would be the presence of capsaicin in red pepper, which reduces the activity of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, thereby reducing fat synthesis.

Based on the results of the present study, feeding 1.5 % turmeric powder or 2.25% chili pepper powder is recommended to improve the performance, blood parameters, and immune response of growing quails.

Among oilseeds, soybean and canola seeds are widespread used in poultry diets (Baker and Chang 1992), however their use in poultry diet is limited because of anti-nutritional factors (Zeb 1998, Syddhuraju et al. 2002). Different methods have been used for improwing nutritional value of oilseeds. One of these methods is irradiation (Taghinejad-Rudboneh et al 2010, Ebrahimi-Mahmoudabad and Taghinejad-Roudbaneh 2011). Electron beam irradiation (EB) is a physical method that can improve the nutritional valueof feedstuff and has been considered recently. Advantages of processing with EB-irradiation is no damage to feeds, lack of production of non-digestible products, increase digestibility of crude protein without side effects on feeds (Majd and Ardekani 2003, Anwar et al. 2015). Therefore, present study was carried out in two separate experiments in order to investigate the effect of feeding EB-irradiated soybean and canola seeds on growing performance of Japanese quail chicks
Soybean and canola seeds were irradiated with EB at doses of 5, 10 and 15 kGy. Japanese quails were purchased and transferred to the farm. All chickens were weighed and were assigned randomly to experimental units. In each experimental unit, 14 birds of different sexes (male and female) were placed so that the average body weight was the same in each experimental unit. Diets formulated on corn and soybean meal based diets according to NRC (1994). Ingredients and chemical composition of diet of quail chicks containing soybean seed or canola seed is shown in Table 1. Quails were fed with experimental diets for 36 days in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications and 14 chicks per each replicate in two separate experiments. Quails were fed on corn-soybean meal diet. In first experiment, 12% untreated or irradiated soybean was used in diet and in second experiment, 8% untreated and irradiated canola seed was used in diet. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), average daily gain (ADG), protein efficiency ratio and European production efficiency factor were calculated at the end of the experiments. All birds were slaughtered at the end of the growing period. Then, weights of edible carcass, breast t, thigh t, bursa of fabricius and gastrointestinal tract were measured.
Feeding irradiated soybean seed significantly improved (P0.05). Gharghani et al (2008) reported that feeding canola meal treated with gamma irradiation had no significant effect on dressing percentage of broiler chickens. Given that feeding of diets containing irradiated soybean or canola seeds had no effect on live wieght, so no irradiation impact on carcass characteristics with the use of irradiated soybean or canola seeds treated is reasonable.
Results of the present study demonstrated that feeding EB-irradiated soybean improved performance of quails. However, feeding EB-irradiated canola seed had not significant effect on performance of quails.

Perspolis powder has compounds that is effective on performance and immune system of quails.
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding different levels of propolis powder (0, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg / kg) on performance and immune system of quail chicks.
Three hundred and twenty day-old Japanese quails (hatche) were allocated in a completely randomly design with 4 treatments and 4 replications per treatment until 36 days olds.At the end of experiment, live weight, feed conversion ratio, feed intake, European production efficiency factor, performance index, protein efficiency ratio, immune response and carcass parameters were measured.
At 36 days of age, results showed that using 1000 mg/kg propolis powder as compared to other treatments increased live weight and improved feed conversion ratio, European production efficiency factor and performance index (P According to results of this experiment, growth performance and immune system of Japanese quail chicks fed diet containing 1000 mg/kg of propolis powder was better than other treatments.