فهرست مطالب tahereh zahedifard

Primary dysmenorrhea is of the most common complaints in women. Patient assessment and successful treatment needs to assess the patient's pain. According to high and different prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea in various studies and to know the most accepted tools of dysmenorrhea pain assessment and to discuss the advantage and disadvantage of these tools, this study was performed with aim to assess the articles related to dysmenorrhea in dimension of menstrual pain assessment tools.
This review article was performed with aim to assess the articles related to dysmenorrhea in dimension of menstrual pain assessment tools. Therefore, databases of Cochrane, Embase, Pubmed Medline, and Google Scholar were searched to find the related references with keywords of dysmenorrhea, scale, … between 2003 and 2013. The contents of the articles were exactly and repeatedly studied and were analyzed with focus on qualitative and quantitative aspects of pain assessment tools.
Totally, 259 articles were obtained. 248 articles used subjective tools of dysmenorrhea and 11 articles used objective tools. The most used subjective tools were VAS and Multi dimensional Verbal scale and most used objective tools of dysmenorrhea was evaluation of prostaglandins level. Totally, 28 different tools were used to assess dysmenorrhea pain. 9 tools were used in Persian articles. Moreover, 199 articles (78.6%) had simultaneously used one scale, 48 (18%) two scales, 10 (2.8 %) three and 2 (0.4 %) four scales.
Generally, various and different tools are available for menstrual pain assessment, but there is not a gold standard, but VAS and Verbal multidimensional scale are used more than other tools. It is necessary to select an appropriate tool according to the aim of researcher of the study, the study's cost, characteristics of study population and scale properties.

The relationship between Human T cell leukemialymphoma virus type1 (HTLV1) and adult T cell leukemia and tropical spastic myelopathy was documented but there are controversies about the role of HTLV1 and the other diseases especially cervical cancer. Since this virus is endemic in north east of Iran (Khorasan) and cervical cancer is the common genital tract cancer in Iran, this study was designed to evaluate probable association between HTLV1 and cervical cancer. This case – control study was done in 49 new cervical cancer patients and 100 healthy women who referred to the Ghaem and Omid Hospitals in two years. Presence of HTLV1 virus examined with Bio rad kit by Eliza method and the positive samples rechecked by Western blot test. Both groups were matched based on age and reproductive factors. 6.1% of cases and 2% of control group had positive tests for presence HTLV1. There was no significant difference between these 2 groups (P=0.362). HTLV1 is not a risk factor in cervical carcinoma in north east Iran (Khorasan).