tanin tamiztousi

 Defense mechanisms are essential to personality and behavior that help individuals deal with stress. These mechanisms might act in different ways, rendering medical students caring physicians or egoistic individuals, and thus, a good understanding of defense mechanisms can contribute to the efforts made to improve the psychological well-being of medical students.

 We studied the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and alexithymia as determinants of psychological well-being and the mechanisms by which medical students might cope with stress and anxiety.

 The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 232 medical students, 126 (60%) females and 96 (40%) males, in northeast Iran. Data were collected through GAD-7, the Farsi version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (FTAS-20), and the Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ-40). Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS 22.0. Pearson's chi-square test, bivariate correlations, and multiple linear regression analysis were used to identify associations between GAD, alexithymia, and defense mechanisms.

 A total of 87 (37.5%) participants showed moderate to severe anxiety. Alexithymia was detected in 49 (21%) participants. Mature defense mechanisms had the highest prevalence among participants (56.5%), while immature mechanisms had the least (23.3%). A significant positive correlation was noted between GAD and alexithymia. Also, GAD was positively correlated with immature and neurotic defense mechanisms (P < 0.05). A negative correlation was found between mature defense mechanisms and GAD (P < 0.001). Suppression and humor (mature mechanisms) were the negative predictors of GAD. Reaction formation, somatization, autistic fantasy, splitting, passive aggression, displacement, and pseudo-altruism (an immature and neurotic mechanism) were the positive predictors of GAD.

 The statistically significant correlations found among GAD, alexithymia, and defense mechanisms suggest that a good understanding of these conditions and mechanisms can contribute to alleviating anxiety among medical students and improving their psychological well-being.

Background The menstrual hygiene education is a process for strengthening skills and empowering women, especially young girls. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the efficacy of menstrual health education on young girls’ knowledge, attitude and practice in Iran. Materials and Methods The searching procedure was systematically fulfilled on databases of Medline (via PubMed), Scopus and Cochrane library with no time restriction from inception to November 2018. Also, equivalent Persian keywords were searched in Iranian databases such as Irandoc, Magiran, Medlib, SID, and Barakatkns. The quality of enrolled trials was assessed using the Jadad scale. Random effect instead of fixed effect model was used if heterogeneity existed across different studies. Results Four studies were included in the meta-analysis. Level of practice improved significantly in intervention group than control group (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.458; p=0.006 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.132 to 0.783). Pooled data of two studies showed that attitude score increased significantly in intervention group when compared to control group (SMD: 0.599 (95%CI: 0.032 to 1.167; random effect model; two trials). The mean score of knowledge was significantly higher in educational intervention group compared to control group (SMD: 0.831; p=0.023 [95%CI: 0.117 to 1.546 random effect model; three trials) Conclusion The current meta-analysis confirmed that educational approach such as peer education and role playing can be more effective than classic method (booklet and lecture) on girl’s level of knowledge, attitude and practice.