فهرست مطالب tohid mokarrami

A factorial experiment with a completely randomized design was carried out to examine the effects of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) and incorporating threonine, arginine, valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan synthetic amino acids supplements (SAA) on broiler chickens. The experiment involved 180 Ross 308 broilers divided into six treatments with six replicates each. The experimental treatments were as follows: 1- Standard diet, 2- Standard diet + SAA, 3- Diet with 2% reduced CP, 4- Diet with 2% reduced CP + SAA, 5- Diet with 4% reduced CP, and 6- Diet with 4% reduced CP + SAA. The 4% CP reduction diet decreased body weight gain in the starter and finisher periods (P < 0.05). The 4% lower CP also decreased feed intake in the grower, finisher and whole of the experiment (P < 0.05), and the same effect was observed for the 2% reduced CP diet only in the grower and entire experiment (P < 0.05). The same negative effects of lower dietary CP were also found for feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.05). The SAA supplements improved weight gain in the starter and the whole experimental period (P < 0.05). Feed intake did not show any change following SAA incorporation; however, SAA had a significant positive effect on FCR (P < 0.05). The only significant effect of experimental factors on small intestine morphology was a higher villus thickness in birds fed 2% less CP compared to the control (P < 0.05). The lower dietary CP led to increased serum cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-c concentrations (P < 0.05). The serum total protein and albumen in the group fed 2% less CP was higher than the two other groups (P < 0.05). The only effect of SAA was an increased serum HDL level (P < 0.05). The results suggest that SAA supplementation could compensate for the negative effects of 2% but not the 4% lower dietary CP.

It is possible for Sex reversal of eggs with female embryo using anti-aromatase agents, and the hatchlings have an improved performance.

The present study was conducted to survey the effect of in ovo injection of 0.1 mL Nettle (Urtica dioica) and mushroom extracts and Fadrozole hydrochloride as anti-aromatase agents  on sex differentiation of broiler chickens.

366 fertile eggs from Ross 308 strain broiler breeders were divided into 4 groups. At the beginning of the fifth day of incubation in ovo injection operation was carried out. A control group was injected with 0.1 mL distilled water. The hatched chickens were then reared in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 6 replicates for 42 days.

In ovo injection of 0.1 mL of fadrozole hydrochloride, mushroom and nettle extracts led to 100, 66.67 and 37.5 percent sex reversal, respectively (p < /em><0.05). During the whole of the experimental period, daily feed intake and daily weight gain of chickens of fadrozole hydrochloride and mushroom extract groups were higher than those on the control and nettle extract (p < /em><0.05). Fadrozole hydrochloride reduced levels of serum triglyceride and VLDL (p < /em> <0.05), but there was no significant difference in cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels (p < /em>> 0.05). White blood cells and hematocrit percentage were not affected by experimental treatments (p < /em>> 0.05). Compared with other treatments, in ovo injection of mushroom extract caused a significant increase in the number and average diameter of muscle fibers (p < /em><0.05).

The findings of this study confirm the significant anti-aramatogenic properties of the mushroom extract and the positive effect of in ovo injection of  mushroom extract on the sexes reversal and improvement in performance of broiler chickens.