toktam yarmohamadi

Great Khorasan, as one of the important regions of the Islamic world and Iran, experienced two different periods during the period of Timur Gourkani and his son Shahrukh. Timur relying on Alus Joghtaei’s support of the military commanders made extensive conquests in West Asia. Following these conquests, the cities of Khorasan, like most of the conquered places, faced with murder, looting and destruction. After Timur’s death and Shahrukh’s accession, prosperity returned to Khorasan and these areas came out from under the pressure of the Timurid period. This research aims to analyze Timur and Shahrokha’s actions in Khorasan with descriptive analytical method and using library sources. The findings indicate that Timur, considering his own interests and attachment to his capital, Samarkand, tried to use the economic resources and human and cultural capacities of the conquered regions, especially Khorasan, for the prosperity of Mavara- al- Nahr. Timur's discriminating view of Khorasan caused chaos in this province and repeated the calamities that the Mongols brought upon this region. On the other hand, Shahrukh made a significant effort to develop Khorasan due to his attachment to it, reliance on Iranian bureaucrats, and adherence to Islamic laws..

Songhar and Keliai is one of the fertile areas in Kermanshah that was considered by some influential families of this government during the Qajar period. They bought a lot of land in the area by buying people's property for a small price. Two of the great landowners of this region are Abdul Hussein Farmanfarma and Amanullah Khan Fath al-Sultan, the former being the Qajar prince and the latter one of the elders of the Sanghar district. Due to the financial crisis and the outbreak of the First World War, these landowners in the late Qajar period avoided timely payment of their land taxes. The government often appeased these people, but after the coup of 1299, especially after the prime ministership and reign of Reza Shah, they were severely audited. The main question of the present study is why the landowners in Sanghar had tax debts and how the Qajar and Pahlavi governments dealt with this issue. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and its reliance is on the documents related to two of the major landowners of Songor region. The findings of the study indicate that the owners of the Qajar period, due to the exemptions provided by the government and the influence they had in the court, refused to pay their taxes on time. But early in Reza's reign and reign, due to his need to fund his extensive reforms and renovations through taxation and his greed to seize their fertile lands, these landlords were severely audited..

The purpose of this study is to analyze the structure and function of the Divan of composition and writing in the Ilkhanate period and the changes that were caused by the Mongol invasion of Iran and the formation government . The Mongols and then the Ilkhans were aware of the importance and necessity of having a correspondence department in their administrative organization;Due to distrust of the secretaries of the open territory, they tried to change the previous routine of the existing organization. Part of this change was due to this process and part was due to the consequences of the establishment of Mongol tribes in Iran, the Iranian administrative organization was able to revive the organization of the Composing Divan,The purpose of this study is to identify these changes in conflict or inconsistencies with the pre-Mongol routine and why and how the process of reviving the composition the Divan of Composition. The results of this study, which is done with a descriptive-analytical approach and qualitative analysis method of existing reports, show that these changes including changes in the position of the Composing Dian and its staff, language and literature, text of documents and its compositions , changes related to trends and procedures can be identified in the Composition Divan, the most important event, like other events formed in the administrative organization of the Ilkhanate period, is the formation of a dual Mongol-Iranian system in the organization of the Divan of Composition, a system whose Iranian elements were gradually highlighted.

Waqf is one of the old institutions of Iranian society which has been linked with the religious beliefs of Iranians and, on the other hand, has influenced the ups and downs of the events and developments of Iran. The present study intends to investigate and analyze the contents of the records of the Gonabad endowments and its functions during the period from 1285 to 1435 AH, which cases and in what areas have been made in Gonabad? The contents of the documents in the Gonabad Endowment Administration indicate that most of Gonabad's  endowments and its functions were carried out between 1285 and 1325 AH, and the waqf's institution has declined in the last fifty years. Most of the endowments of this area include the endowment of water and land for the mourning of Sayyed al-Shohada and Muharram. Also, Waqf has been considered for Imam Reza, the construction of mosques and other public buildings. This research is descriptive-analytical and based on the contents of the documents of the endowments in the Gonabad Endowment Office, as well as the contents of some books.

With the Mongol’s invasion to Iran, the status of the “Divan-e Arz” (Ministry of the Army) was changed completely, and different administrative, financial and military arrangements were taken by the Mongols instead. The Mongols and Ilkhanate in Iran chose a mechanism in order to replace the function of the “Divan-e Arz” and Muster Master, which could have been, in its nature, proportionate or dissimilar to the administrative traditions in Iran. What were these mechanisms and what was their nature. It seems that the Mongols, in the first place, have abolished the use of the “Divan-e Arz” because of their ability to organize and militarize the army. Then, in the new organization, some of the duties of the “Divan-e Arz” were given to the military and partly to “ologh Bitakchi” and other administrative and financial employees. But sometime after the Ilkhanites reign, especially from the “Ghazan Khan’s” era, there were changes in line with the Islamic-Iranian administrative traditions in this area. These actions, whether wanted or unwanted indicated the “Arz” and “Arez” portfolio’s(minister of army)return in this period, but due to the presence of military emirates and apparently the disagreement between Iranian bureaucrats, the Tribunal could not be fully restored as some of the Iranian administrative elements. This vivid representation is also due to the clever attempts of Iranian bourgeoisie to revive or at least to combine Iranian administrative traditions with Mongolian traditions. This research, by using a descriptive-analytical method, attempts to clarify some of the changes that have been made during the reign of the Mongols in Iran.