فهرست مطالب tooba shafighi

Chicken meat, as one of the most important sources of protein in the world, shows a high rate of contamination with Escherichia coli, which can widely spread antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the resistance to colistin and aminoglycosides in E. coli isolated from broilers. In this study, during 2021, a total of 122 E. coli isolates were collected from the heart and liver of 20- to 45-day-old chickens with clinical signs of colibacillosis. Aminoglycosides and colistin resistant strains were identified by disk diffusion and MIC determination, respectively. Subsequently, the presence of mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, aph (3′)-IIa, aac (3) -IIa and ant (3″)-Ia genes in the isolates was analyzed by PCR. Out of 122 isolates, 35 isolates (28.68%) were resistant to neomycin sulfate and 1 isolate (0.82%) was resistant to gentamicin. All isolates were sensitive to amikacin, tobramycin and streptomycin and 5 isolates (4.10%) were resistant to the colistin. In the detection of mcr genes by PCR method, none of the studied genes were identified, but aph (3′) -IIa, aac (3) -IIa and ant (3″)-Ia genes were detected in 25.41%, 23.77% and 36.88% of isolates respectively. The results of this study indicate a decrease in the sensitivity of poultry isolated E. coli to aminoglycosides and colistin. The spread of such resistant isolates is a serious warning about the reduction in treatment choices of colibacillosis and indicates the risk of transmission of resistance genes to the human microbial flora.

Medicinal uses of plants to treat of diseases has increased in recent years. Clerodendrum is a genus of plants belonging to Verbenaceae family. Clerodendrum bungei Steud. is native to the Gilan province, but its antibacterial effects have not been studied. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical analysis and antibacterial properties of the alcoholic extracts of C. bungei. was collected from Sowme’ eh Sara city located in the northwest of the Gilan province, from May to August 2018 with equal amount. Extracts were prepared from different parts of C. bungei using 70% ethanol by the maceration method and were analysed using GC/MS. Seven bacterial isolates from clinical samples were collected from patients referred to the social welfare polyclinic in Rasht. After confirmatory diagnostic tests for all specimens, an antibiogram test (disk diffusion method) was performed and the antimicrobial activities of the extracts were evaluated using disk diffusion and broth dilution methods on 7 isolates of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Shigella, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococcus. The results were showed that the alcoholic extract of the leaves before flowering was more effective on Pseudomonas than other bacteria. Also, the alcoholic extract of the leaves during flowering was effective on S. aureus. The extract of the flower was effective on E. coli only at a concentration of 250 mg/ml. The MIC values of the different alcoholic extracts of C. bungei on all isolates were 8.06 to 500 mg/ml. The MBC values of the different extracts of C. bungei on isolates were 500 mg/ml. </strong>The phytochemical compound, phytol was identified as the main component in the leaf extracts of C. bungei before (9.52%) and during (3.6%) flowering and therefore it seems to be the compound responsible for the antimicrobial properties of C. bungei leaves. The main effective components in the flowers, stems and roots of C. bungei were identified to be linalool (7.8%), aziridine (3.53%), thymol (21.84%), respectively. Linalol prevents dental cavity and has antiallergic, antiviral and antibacterial effects. Thymol has a very strong antimicrobial properties and can destroy outer membrane (OM) of gram-negative bacteria and remove the lipopolysaccharides and increase the permeability of the plasma membrane. Among the chemical compounds identified in the extracts, compounds with functional groups and acircular structure seems to have antibacterial properties. It is concluded from this study that C. bungei possesses antibacterial properties.

Medicinal uses of plants to treat of diseases has increased in recent years. Clerodendrum is a genus of plants belonging to Verbenaceae family. Clerodendrum bungei Steud. is native to the Gilan province, but its antibacterial effects have not been studied. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical analysis and antibacterial properties of the alcoholic extracts of C. bungei. was collected from Sowme’ eh Sara city located in the northwest of the Gilan province, from May to August 2018 with equal amount. Extracts were prepared from different parts of C. bungei using 70% ethanol by the maceration method and were analysed using GC/MS. Seven bacterial isolates from clinical samples were collected from patients referred to the social welfare polyclinic in Rasht. After confirmatory diagnostic tests for all specimens, an antibiogram test (disk diffusion method) was performed and the antimicrobial activities of the extracts were evaluated using disk diffusion and broth dilution methods on 7 isolates of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Shigella, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococcus. The results were showed that the alcoholic extract of the leaves before flowering was more effective on Pseudomonas than other bacteria. Also, the alcoholic extract of the leaves during flowering was effective on S. aureus. The extract of the flower was effective on E. coli only at a concentration of 250 mg/ml. The MIC values of the different alcoholic extracts of C. bungei on all isolates were 8.06 to 500 mg/ml. The MBC values of the different extracts of C. bungei on isolates were 500 mg/ml. The phytochemical compound, phytol was identified as the main component in the leaf extracts of C. bungei before (9.52%) and during (3.6%) flowering and therefore it seems to be the compound responsible for the antimicrobial properties of C. bungei leaves. The main effective components in the flowers, stems and roots of C. bungei were identified to be linalool (7.8%), aziridine (3.53%), thymol (21.84%), respectively. Linalol prevents dental cavity and has antiallergic, antiviral and antibacterial effects. Thymol has a very strong antimicrobial properties and can destroy outer membrane (OM) of gram-negative bacteria and remove the lipopolysaccharides and increase the permeability of the plasma membrane. Among the chemical compounds identified in the extracts, compounds with functional groups and acircular structure seems to have antibacterial properties. It is concluded from this study that C. bungei possesses antibacterial properties.

Meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become one of the major public-health concerns in recent years due to resistance to antimicrobial drugs and agents. This Study aims to diagnose of MRSA isolates by molecular and phenotypic methods and to detect of the antibiotic resistance pattern in MRSA strains in clinical patient samples in Rasht.

This cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study was conducted from April to September 2016. 76 isolates of Staphylococcus were collected from some hospitals in Rasht and was characterized by varius biochemical tests of Staphylococcus aureus species. A disc diffusion method was performed to identify MRSA strains. The antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates was done using disc diffusion method against six antibiotics based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) protocol. Then, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed with specific primers to mecA gene. Also, sequencing was done in mecA positive PCR products. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software. 

The results of this study, showed that 69 (90.8%) out of 76 isolates of Staphylococcus were S.aureus. The rate of MRSA strains in the phenotypic(disk diffusion) and PCR methods were 71% and 62.3%, respectively. The S. aureus isolates exhibited the most sensitivity and resistance to gentamicin(72.46%) and bacitracin(82.6%), respectively. No significant correlation was found between MRSA isolates and type of sample(P>0.05).

The findings showed that the presence of MRSA strains were remarkable in the hospital samples in Rasht because of the overuse of antibiotics for the treatment of diseases.