فهرست مطالب vahid yazdi feyzabadi

Midwives as one of the most effective members of the health systems play a key role in delivering health services to mothers and children who are vulnerable groups of the society. This research aimed to investigate the effect of Logotherapy on job satisfaction and Organization‑Based Self‑Esteem (OBSE) of employed midwives.

This is a quasi‑experimental study with the pretest and posttest design and a control group from all midwives employed in the public hospital of Rasht City in Iran. Fifty‑six midwives fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control. They filled job satisfaction, OBSE questionnaires, and demographic information checklist, and then, the intervention group attended Logotherapy for six sessions/90 minutes. Finally, both groups answered the instruments as posttest.

Results showed that the mean difference between OBSE (F 6,83 = 27, p </em>< 0.05) and job satisfaction (t 2,62 = 27, p </em>< 0.01) scores before and after the sessions in the intervention group was significantly more than the control group.

Group Logotherapy increased job satisfaction and OBSE among midwives. It can be recommended for use in the clinical settings for healthcare providers.

Understanding the relationship between religiosity and health behaviors helps us to tailor messages based on cultural beliefs. We conducted an online survey to find any relationship between fatalistic beliefs, religiosity, and mask-wearing in an Islamic context. The participants consisted of 503 subjects from the adult population of Kerman Province located in the Southeast of Iran. The measurement tool consisted of four sections; (A) demographic characteristics, (B) three items related to mask-wearing, (C) The God Locus of Health Control (G LHC) scale consisting of six items measuring fatalistic beliefs, (D) The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) consisting of five items measuring religiosity. The mean age of the participants was 36.5 ± 10.9 years, and females consisted 60% (n=302) of the sample. More than one-fifth (n=109) reported a history of COVID-19 infection. Approximately one-third of respondents (n=163) reported full mask adherence. Logistic regression model showed that there was no significant relationship between mask adherence and religiosity (odds ratio: 1.03; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99-1.08) and fatalistic beliefs (OR:1.01; 95% CI: 0.98-1.04 ).We found no association of fatalism and religiosity with the mask-wearing during COVID-19 in the Iranian Muslim population. So we can conclude that religious beliefs may have no place in cultural tailoring of health messages for promoting mask adherence.

Internationalization in medical education (ME) creates new potentials, and links among countries.

The present study aimed to investigate the current outlook on the internationalization of ME in Pakistan.

This case study had an outlook on the internationalization of ME in three top universities in Pakistan. The most significant components, characteristics, and variables related to ME were identified and categorized. The reports regarding the educational, research and health system performance of this country were collected by reviewing the grey literature, and visiting the official websites of these universities.

To improve their competitive capacities Pakistan’s top universities have considered some research parameters, unique strategies (motivational mechanisms for target groups of students, and professors, educational mechanisms and empowering students and professors, mechanisms for communicating with other pioneering universities, and mechanisms for communicating with the industry and exchanging intellectual capital), and short-, medium- and long-term plans for attracting capital, exchanging scientific products, and sharing experience.

Pakistan’s success in internationalization depends on factors, such as concentrating on science and technology, the enhanced role of the local government and the privatization of HE institutes, including modern ideas and making changes in the country’s cultural structure, using English as the primary language in universities, designing web portals based on international criteria, receiving tuition fees from international students, designing programs for international students, hiring foreign faculty members, and sending professors abroad to take part in specialized courses, and making efforts to monitor international initiatives and ensuring quality.

 Hospitals are the front line of dealing with Incidents. Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) incidents are alarming for governments' healthcare providers and the public. Therefore, they must make the necessary preparations to deal with these incidents.

 This study aimed to evaluate the preparedness of hospitals against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear incidents and the related influential factors.

 The present study was a cross-sectional survey in northwest Iran, 2020-2022. The statistical population was the hospitals of West Azerbaijan province. The inclusion criteria were that hospitals must be university or therapeutic affiliated with the West Azerbaijan University of Medical Sciences, and at least one year had to be passed since the hospital’s operation. Also, the exclusion criteria were that the hospitals were on the verge of closing or changing their use. In this way, 26 hospitals in West Azerbaijan were studied. The "Canadian Center for Emergency Preparedness" evaluation checklist research tool was used to determine the level of preparedness of the studied hospitals in CBRN incidents. The data was collected for 5 months, from January to May 2021. Cronbach's alpha score for this checklist was 0.94. Descriptive and analytical statistics indicators were used for data analysis using SPSS 20 software.

 The study showed that the hospitals lacked the preparation, capacities, and abilities to deal with CBRN incidents. In the single-variable mode, in the chemical dimension, the number of morgues of the deceased (P = 0.006); in the biological aspect, per capita educational factors in the biological domain (P = 0.03), the number of facility personnel (P = 0.04), the number of infectious disease specialists (P = 0.02), the number of equipment with optimal laboratory capabilities (P = 0.04), and the number of morgues of the deceased (P = 0.006); in the radiological and nuclear dimensions per capita of nuclear education (P = 0.01) and dosimeter (P = 0.03), and the general dimension the CBRN training per capita (P = 0.004), the number of personnel (P = 0.015), and laboratory equipment (P = 0.006) had a significant relationship with the preparedness of hospitals against CBRN incidents (P < 0.05).

 Overall, this study's results showed that hospitals' preparedness against CBRN incidents was unsatisfactory, and appropriate policies needed to be adopted to improve it.

The dynamic and systemic planning and targeting in the health system require attention to all the system's components and investigation of their causal relationship in order to form a clear view and image of it. Therefore, the present study was designed with the aim of identifying the comprehensive dimensions of the system within a specific framework.  

Key components in the health system were identified through the scoping review method. For this purpose, 61 studies with selected keywords were extracted from international databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and Embase, and Persian language databases including Magiran and SID. Inclusion and exclusion criteria in this study were languages, time range, repeated studies, studies related to the health system, appropriateness of studies with the subject and purpose of the present study and the method used. The content of the selected studies and extracted themes were analyzed and categorized in the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) framework.  

In health system analysis, key components were divided into 18 main categories and 45 categories. Also, they were categorized according to the BSC framework into five dimensions of population health, service delivery, growth and development, financing, and governance & leadership.  

For health system improvement, policymakers and planners should consider these factors in a dynamic system and a causal network.

Considering the importance of internationalization in medical education, adaptation of successful international and national models can help to promote it. This study aimed at explaining the achievement of the universities of medical sciences in internationalization of medical education in Iran.

This descriptive-adaptive study was conducted in the international relations office at Kerman University of Medical Sciences (KMU). At first, top three universities in England, Pakistan, Ireland, Cyprus, and Greece were selected based on The Times Higher Education World University Rankings. According to the land-use planning classification in Iran, KMU is the university to follow and assess the performance of higher education in these countries. Then, information about the policies of these universities in internationalization of higher education was obtained using their websites or by request. We also collected information of KMU as a representative of eight universities of medical sciences and its affiliated academic and research centers.

Data about the ownership of universities, student recruitment strategies, and internationalization policies of the universities were compared with those of KMU and the weaknesses and strengths of KMU were determined.

The universities of medical sciences in Iran are suggested to revise their missions, goals, and performance and aim to practice internationalization of higher education as an important strategy in their university prospects.

In line with the global trend, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has been growing vulnerable to the direct and indirect health effects of climate change including death tolls due to climatological disasters and diseases sensitive to climate change since the industrial revolution. Regarding the limited capacity of MENA countries to adapt and respond to these effects, and also after relative failures of the previous negotiation in Glasgow, in the upcoming COP27 in Egypt, the heads of the region’s parties are determined to take advantage of the opportunity to host MENA to mitigate and prevent the worst effects of climate change. This would be achieved through mobilizing international partners to support climate resilience, a major economic transformation, and put health policy and management in a strategic position to contribute to thinking and action on these pressing matters, at least to avoid or minimize the future adverse consequences.

Despite some obstacles, internationalization of medical education can promote the educational, research and clinical level of universities.

The purpose of this study was to explore the opportunities, challenges, and solutions of the internationalization of higher medical education in Iran.

The present qualitative study was conducted with Brown and Clark's thematic content analysis approach. Purposeful sampling was performed using the snowball strategy, and the data were collected using semi-structured interviews. The statistical population included Iranian students and professors residing in universities abroad, experts and key officials working in the Deputy of International Relations in Iran’s Ministry of Health and Medical Education, the Vice-Chancellors of the International Relation Units of the country’s universities of medical sciences, and foreign students studying in Iran’s universities of medical sciences. The data were gathered by conducting 17 interviews with eligible individuals following the principle of data saturation. Finally, the data were subjected to thematic analysis by MAXQDA-10 software.

The data extracted from the interviews were categorized into 268 codes, 29 subcategories, and six categories. The themes identified were "specifications of an international higher education center", "advantages of internationalization", and "necessary items and requirements" in the field of requirements and criteria, "weaknesses and challenges of internationalization" in the field of challenges, "operational solutions for addressing challenges" and "successful domestic and foreign experiences of the internationalization of higher medical education centers " in the field of solutions. The subthemes of "weaknesses and challenges at the level of the university" and "hardware specifications" attained the highest frequency among open codes.

A need to be responsive to many present and future needs of our country necessities that the higher medical education system moves in parallel with the globalization process and multicultural societies. In this regard, officials should pay attention to the requirements, criteria, challenges, and solutions of the internationalization of higher medical education in Iran based on the evidence disclosed in this study.

The prevalence of COVID-19 has had a devastating economic impact on countries, leading to reduction of many jobs. Earlier, the advent of technology and robotics had been the source of much concern and analysis about the future of jobs. The present study aims to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence and development of technology and robots on jobs and compare them with each other.

The present study was conducted qualitatively. Data collection was done by holding two expert panels. The experts were purposefully selected from different universities in Iran. Findings from the expert panel were analyzed using the content analysis technique. Erlingsson's approach was used for content analysis.

The effects of the advent of technology and robots and the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on jobs were examined from seven aspects, including economic, social, political, the impact on developed and developing countries, health, education, and workforce skills. The effects of the advent of technology and robots on jobs can vary depending on the two scenarios of interaction or substitution. The effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on jobs can also be in line with different scenarios with the emergence of technology and robots in some respects.

The possible conformity of economic and social systems in gradual changes faces fewer challenges, while conditions like pandemics have few opportunities to adapt to new situations. Increasing flexibility with a preemptive approach and not just based on the existing scenarios are necessary to deal with these situations.

Development of non-oil exports, including pharmaceutical products is one of the most important economic development strategies. This study aims to explain challenges of pharmaceutical export in Iran by using the sources and content of online media news.

This was a qualitative study which analyzed the content of general and specialized online media news in Iran (conventional approach) from January 20, 2017 to January 20, 2020. Data sources were selected using the purposive sampling method .Then, the eligible news was determined by quota sampling method and was inductively analyzed in MAXQDA10.

The identified challenges were divided into five main categories including the domestic market of medicines, pharmaceutical manufacturing, financing, marketing and diplomacy. The most important challenges were related to financing and marketing.

Iran's position regarding worldwide export of drugs is not satisfactory. The target markets for drug exports should be developed using a national economic program and appropriate diplomacy, in addition to improving the quality of drug production.

Despite significant expansion, indigenous research regarding health system still faces challenges in the field of research application. They include lack of reliable evidence, late arrival of evidence by policymakers or inappropriate language of evidence related to the field of knowledge exchange and translation. The aim of this study is to investigate the status of knowledge translation in research centers of Kerman University of Medical Sciences.

This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2020 in research centers affiliated with Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Centers entered the study through census and a standard questionnaire of self-assessment regarding knowledge-producing organizations was used. It contained 50 questions in 4 areas of research question, knowledge production, knowledge transfer and promotion of using evidence. After collecting and coding, the data were entered into SPSS 25 software and analyzed using descriptive statistics and non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test.

20 clinical research centers and 6 non-clinical centers participated in this study. Only 3.85 % of the centers scored more than 80 % in total. Regarding the research question, knowledge production, knowledge transfer and promotion of using evidence, the mean standard deviation of scores were 35/85 ± 9/93, 31/50 ± 7/54, 76/65 ± 16/35 and 9/31 ± 3/27, respectively. The best situation was related to knowledge production with 70 % of the score. Findings of the Mann-Whitney U test showed that the mean of all domains in the two groups were not different.

This study demonstrated a moderate level of knowledge translation. But, factors such as creating a structure for knowledge translation committee, considering the process of exchange, translation and transfer of knowledge in the process of approving student dissertations and research projects, reviewing research policies and creation of motivational mechanisms to promote the status of researchers can play an important facilitating role in achieving the appropriate level of knowledge exchange and translation.

Over the past few decades, Iran has experienced rapid demographic changes, including a sharp decline in the birth rate and an increase in life expectancy, which has led to an increase in the percentage of the elderly. One of the major challenges of the aging population is increasing the health expenditure of communities. This study, considering the general demographic policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran to promote the dynamism, maturity, and youth of the population by increasing the fertility rate to more than the replacement level, seeks to investigate the effect of population aging on the share of health expenditures in GDP. This research has been done using the data of the Statistics Center of Iran for the period 1360-1389. First, a model for the share of health expenditures in GDP was presented; Then its coefficients were estimated using the self-explanatory wide-interval model. Also, to evaluate the speed of adjustment of the short-term model to the long-term model, the error correction model was estimated. The results showed that the increase in the elderly population, in the long run, leads to a rise in health expenditures, so that a one percent increase in the aging index leads to 0.37 Percentage increase in the health expenditures. Also, in the long run, the growth of GDP per capita variables, price index in the health sector, and urbanization have a positive and significant effect on the share of health expenditures in GDP. The error correction factor was 46%.

Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRNs) disasters represent a disconcerting event for governments, health care providers, the public, and hospitals need to be prepared to cope with such disasters. Therefore, the present scoping review was conducted to identify and analyze the parameters and global experiences of hospital preparedness against CBRN disasters.

The study is a scoping review that examines English and Persian databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Jihad Daneshgahi Scientific Information Database (SID), Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology, Magiran, and Iranmedex. Reviewing the studies found on the search bases was carried out in three stages; title, abstract and full text. According to refined studies, the data were extracted in order to meet the objectives and respond to the research questions.

In the initial search, 1104 articles were identified. First, the articles were reviewed in terms of duplication, year of publication, title, abstract, and relevance to the topic, and finally, 17 articles that met the inclusion criteria were incorporated in the systematic review process. Finally, 8 primary issues addressed in the articles including (1) Staff training, (2) Planning to deal with disasters, (3) Personal protection equipment, (4) Risk perception, (5) Decontamination of medical centers and wards, (6) Detection of CBRN infection, (7) Availability of drugs and antidotes, and (8) The presence of health professionals and staff were discussed. The review of findings reported by various studies revealed shortcomings in the above eight areas.

Most hospitals have begun to undertake activities to deal with CBRN and follow a special program for this purpose. However, due to the industrialization of human societies and the surge in CBRN events and other threatening activities, this level of preparedness is not satisfactory and further planning is warranted. However, the present study offers valuable insights and recommendations for policymakers and hospital managers to improve their hospital preparedness for the risks of CBRN disasters.

The infinite and increasing need for health service providers along with limited health sources has led to an increase in health costs and, consequently, the transfer of government resources from other social services to the health sector. One of the hospital services that has increased the costs in hospitals is total knee arthroplasty. Knee joint is one of the important joints of the body that is affected by various inflammatory and erosive diseases, which ultimately causes destruction of the articular cartilage and loss of proper joint function. Today, we are faced with an increasing demand for total knee arthroplasty. Knowledge of the distribution and extent of TKA provides the basis for health managers to design and implement interventions to reduce TKA surgery.

This study is a cross-sectional study. 14329 records of total knee arthroplasty patients in Iran were selected by census method in 2019-2021. The data collection tool in this study was a standard checklist. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 24 software using descriptive statistics.

The mean age of the patients was 66.1 years. 81.31% of the patients were female. 87.4% of them lived in cities, 31.5% had supplementary insurance, and most of the patients (51.9%) had undergone total knee arthroplasty in private hospitals. Discussion and

The pattern of total knee arthroplasty in our country is similar to that of other countries; most surgeries are performed in private hospitals, which may generate induced demand. TKA is more prevalent in the urban population, and most people who have had surgery do not have supplementary insurance coverage, and the northern provinces have the highest TKA;  thus, the attention of researchers and policy makers to the field of health in identifying and preventing the factors leading to knee replacement will make the demands for total knee arthroplasty reasonable.

The main indicators of higher education (HE) internationalization in the field of awarding degrees are the international development of disciplines and interdisciplinary sciences, new educational and learning methods, new and updated curricula, and their correct ways of sharing. This study aimed to examine the system of awarding degrees in health HE of Iran and the United Kingdom. This descriptive-comparative study focused on the field of medical sciences and its related disciplines. The vital information about the variables was collected by visiting the official websites of the UK universities and related or joint organizations. The related information to the Kerman University of Medical Sciences as a sample of Iran medical universities was obtained from the university’s Farabar system. All data extraction steps were performed manually. There were differences in the mechanism of setting up a new discipline and the process of students’ admission, diversity of degrees’ titles and curriculums, stability of disciplines over the time, creativity in creating competition between different disciplines, the reason for establishing a discipline and the requirements for certification and awarding of degrees in health sciences disciplines in Iran and the United Kingdom were described. Propelling of medical education in the health sciences area towards standard awarding degree systems can be responsible for the requirements of internationalization of higher education.

low utility of health care services is one of the main determinants of not achieving desired health indicators in urban areas. This study aimed to investigate the barriers and facilitators of receiving health services from health centers in Kerman city, Iran.

This study was a qualitative study with a content analysis approach conducted in 2020. After selecting health centers with the experience of desirable or low utility services, purposive sampling continued until information saturation. A total of 78 staff members, recipients, and non-recipients of services citizens were interviewed semi-structured and face-to-face at health centers. All interviews were recorded and coded manually and then reviewed and analyzed using directional content analysis.

The essential services for children and mothers, free services, and service providers' behavior were mentioned as facilitators of referral. Distance and physical factors, knowledge of different types of services, preference of private centers, time access, view of people on regular visits to centers, addresses and telephone numbers registered in the system, responsiveness to health needs, fear of disease disclosure, lack of human resources in the centers, and service providers' behavior, were among the barriers of visiting the centers.

According to the results of this study, an accurate understanding of the under-coverage people's views and perceptions can help national and local planners and policymakers design the necessary strategies to increase the use of health services in urban health centers.

Health-promoting hospitals (HPH) do not only play the traditional role of diagnosis and treatment but also focus on preventive and health-promoting activities. The present study aimed to explore the challenges of establishing the health-promoting hospitals approach.

The present study was conducted using a qualitative design in 2018. The data in this study were collected using 16 semi-structured interviews conducted with health managers and experts in Kerman, Iran. The interviewees were selected through purposive snowball sampling. The interviews were first transcribed and analyzed using Braun and Clarke's 6-step thematic analysis framework. MAXQDA 10 software was used for data analysis.

The challenges of establishing health-promoting hospital standards were divided into 4 themes including legal and structural challenges, financial resources, human resources, and cultural challenges. The most recurring subthemes were the lack of general plans and policies and the lack of financial resources.

Challenges of establishing the HPH approach can be summarized in various areas related to the organization and policies, staff, and society. Therefore, is necessary to change the traditional approach to treatment-oriented policies at all levels. Besides, it is essential to focus on the empowerment and participation of all people involved in health-promoting policies and activities such as managers and officials, employees, and members of the community.

Estimation and analysis of household expenditure patterns can always be considered as one of the most suitable tools to raise awareness of policy makers. The aim of this study was to investigate shares of different parts of Iranian household expenditures with emphasis on health care cost.

This descriptive study was conducted by using raw data about households expenditure obtained from Iran statistical center (1392-1396). The household expenditure patterns of 6 subcategories were analyzed. The share of health care expenditures on the basis of income quintiles were reviewed before and after Iran’s health hransformation program (1392-1396). Excel 2010 and Stata 14 softwares were used for data analysis and drawing the charts.

In urban households, the cost of housing and in rural households cost of food and clothing had the highest shares in  household expenditures. The costs of education in both groups of urban and rural households had the lowest share in household expenditures. The share of health care expenditures in urban and rural households has increased in the study years and after IHTP in all quintiles. Except for the fifth quintile in urban households, the results were similar.

The results showed significant alterations in the household expenditure pattern. The shares of health care expenditure after the IHTP has increased, indicating that the program has not been successful to achieve the goal of household financial protection.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a global health crisis of our time. The mental health and wellbeing of whole societies have been severely impacted by this crisis and are a priority to be addressed urgently. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted or halted critical mental health services in many countries worldwide. One way to overcome this situation is to use Telemental health services and people can take advantage of these services to meet their mental health needs. However, there are some barriers to provide Telemental health services, which should be considered by policymakers before the crisis.

The health systems around the world are facing significant pressure to control the costs and improve the health services delivered. A method to address this challenge is to express the potential savings and inefficiencies of hospitals. The hospitals should provide health care services with the acceptable quality and minimum cost. For this purpose, managers should have accurate information about the cost of the services they provide.

This is a cross-sectional retrospective study  carried out based on the data of financial year of 2017-2018. In this study, the cost structure of Shafa Hospital was analyzed and its unit cost of the final activity centers was calculated using top-down approach.

The total cost of the hospital in the studied period was US$ 29752539.1. The highest and lowest cost share was related to human resources and energy consumption (64.33% and 0.48%, respectively). The human resources, medicines, and consumables account for over 96% of the cost of the final clinical activity centers. The unit cost of the final activity centers varies so that among admission wards the unit cost of ICU is the highest (US$372.45) and the daily bed cost in the neurology ward is the lowest (US$118.9).

Clarification of the hospital cost structure can provide a comprehensive analysis of hospital costs for decision making and policy making. The unit cost of the final activity centers also provides insights into the hospital cost management planning.

Reproductive health (RH) in adolescents and youth, as one of the critical components of population health policies, plays a pivotal role in preventing risky behaviors and achieving a healthy and productive generation for the future society. Thus, this study aimed to explore the challenges of RH in adolescents and youth in Iran.

Using a purposeful sampling method with maximum variation, semi-structured in-depth interviews were held with eighteen key informants in the field of RH. A Snowball sampling strategy was deployed to identify the participants. The multi-dimensional PRECEDE-PROCEED model of health promotion was used as a guiding framework for the topic guide. The transcribed interviews were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis.   

Three main themes of decision-making system, lifestyle, as well as social and epidemiological issues, were emerged from the interviews. We also explored six themes, including the knowledge and expertise about RH, policy-making and management system, environmental factors, individual factors, family and social anomalies, and epidemiological status of RH. Furthermore, twenty-five sub-themes were extracted from the main themes, which represented the challenges. Lack of understanding of the issues and absence of a coherent intellectual system that provides a collaboration of different systems in policy-making were fundamental and dominant challenges of RH for adolescents and youth in Iran.

To meet these challenges, we require an integrated and coherent system of policy-making with a reliance on scanning individual, environmental, social, and epidemiological changes that influence RH.

The outbreak of emerging and acute infectious diseases is one of the threats to global health. Another such event is the latest global pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) COVID-19. The right policymaking and management of this pandemic require the use of scientific capabilities and evidence obtained from different experiences. However, as far as COVID-19 is a wicked problem, informed decision making for COVID-19 differs from policymaking in normal circumstances and faces difficulties. In general, we grouped these difficulties into three categories, including uncertainties, heterogeneous policymaking, and weaknesses of the history approach. Uncertainties of coronavirus can be resolved by the development of an integrated system for tracking deaths and mortality estimates, monitoring of the key characteristics of dead coronavirus patients and patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU), as well as more work to assess the incidence and characteristics of coronavirus infections across the population. In order to minimize the harm caused by heterogeneous policies, it would be easier to clarify, interpret, and apply the macro-strategies of the World Health Organization (WHO) consistent with the local requirements of the country instead of not embracing and refusing them altogether. Furthermore, in order to make good use of the history-as lessons- approach of the epidemics in COVID-19 policy, the experiences of previous epidemics must be adequately clarified and logically interpreted and implemented in accordance with the temporal, environmental, and political circumstances of the COVID-19 epidemic.