vahid zarinnia

Chemical methods to grow and improve plants threaten the health of the environment. In a previous study, factors assuming that flavonoids properties for instance pH, temperature, time, and plant extract content were assayed. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the second most important vegetable in the world in terms of its economic value. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three levels of chitosan, sylamol, aqueous extract, and silver nanoparticles with three replications. Different concentrations of silver nitrate solution (10, 20, 30mg/ l), aqueous extract (10, 20, 30mg/ l), chitosan (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 v/v) and silamol (1/1000, 2/1000, 3/1000(v/v) and control treatment (distilled water) were applied. Nutritional content including lycopene, Total soluble solids concentration (TSS), vitamin C, zinc, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, and potassium. Factors assuming that flavonoids properties for instance pH, temperature, time, and plant extract content were assayed., Fe, Mn, P, Ca and K, are significantly affected by using treatment. Measurement of features was done at 4, 1, 3, 7, and 11 days. The results showed that the application of the above treatment at 30 ppm silver nanoparticles was more effective than all other nutritional characters. So, these natural matters could be used for increasing the quality of tomatoes.

Wilting disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp lycopersici is one of the most important tomato diseases. Regarding to the destructive effects of overuse of chemical pesticides in the environment, applying of nonchemical compounds for plant disease control is unavoidable. Therefore the goal of this research was producing of green silver nanoparticles and understanding of their fungicide effects on F1 and F16 strains of F.o.f.sp.lycopersici. For this reason, fungicide effects of Ag NPs that were made under dark and lighting conditions, investigated by factorial method under CRD examination with three replications for each treatments. All experiments were done under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Treatments were distilled water as negative control, 25, 75, 100 and 120 mg L-1 concentrations of Ag NPs suspension and aqueous sour orange extract. More effectively treatments regarding to their capability for highest inhibitory effects on fungal growth under in vitro condition were selected and used for in vivo experiments. These treatments were 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg L-1 concentrations of Ag NPs (were made under dark and lightening conditions) that were applying as pre and post treatments on diseased tomato plants by F.o.f.sp.lycopersici. Morphological properties, disease incidence (DI) and disease severity (DS) were evaluated in this section. Finally the results of this research show that, 120 mg L-1 concentration of Ag NPs (were made under dark condition) had the highest inhibitory effects on F1 and F16 strains of F.o.f.sp.lycopersici under in vitro condition. Also under in vivo condition, 300 mg L-1 concentration of Ag-NPs (were made under dark condition) was more effectively than other concentrations and it could be reducing DI and DS. But yield of tomato with 300 mg L-1 concentration of Ag-NPs was reduced regarding to Ag NPs toxicity effects.

In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid, potassium silicate and fungal Elicitor in calendula under salinity stress conditions, a factorial arrangement in a randomized design with three levels of salinity (0-300600ppm) and 3 levels of salicylic acid, potassium silicate and fungal Elicitor (300-600-900 ppm) in 3 replicates. The highest amount ofH2O2was observed in potassium silicate treatment with a concentration of 300 ppm and a value of 68.87 nmol / g fresh weight. The highest amount of catalase enzyme in Salinity SA was obtained 600 ppm with a value of 0.0584 mg / d of protein per minute. The average number of leaves in potassium silicate treatment was higher than other treatments. The lowest root diameter in a substrate with 600 ppm salinity was observed at a concentration of 300 ppm in penicillium fungicidal oligoetherium with a value of 0.61 mM. In the concentration of 900 ppm in non-saline bed, the highest root diameter was observed with a value of 1. 08 mm

The aim of this experiment   was to observe and study the effects of two anti-fungus essences. Thymus vulgaris and Thymus kotschyanus, against two fungi pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifere, and the quality of strawberries after cropping. This study is performed in two assays, in vitro and in vivo.  A treatment consists: control, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 µl/l. The results of in vitro assay showed  both essential oils had inhibitory effect  even  at  low  concentration  also  best  inhibitory  effect  occurred  at 1000 µl/l of Thymus kotschyanus for Rhizopus stolonifere. The in vivo assay showed that the strawberries groomed by the two plants essences have a higher enzymatic level of CAT and SOD. Therefore these plants essences can replace  the chemical anti-fungi  medicines  used to control the fungi related  diseases on agricultural crops due to their anti-fungus effects but still a lot more research needs to be done in order to reach a proper formulation.