w. khaled younis albahadly

The prevalence of breast cancer (BC) has increased significantly in the last 50 years worldwide. This increase may be because more women today have mammograms and, as a result, are more known to have cancers. At the same time, the theory is growing that many other factors contribute to the increase in cancer rates. The current study tried applying the Gail assessment model to identify hormonal and familial risk factors that may be important for BC in Iraq. Patients aged 30 years and over with all known risk factors for BC were selected for the study group. The selected patients were divided into two groups. Group 1: Patients diagnosed with non-proliferative lesions who have had a breast biopsy performed at least three years before; Group 2: Controlled patients. The individual risk of BC for patients in groups 1 and 2 was calculated using the Gale model. In addition to groups 1 and 2, we identified two other groups. Group 3: Groups 1 and 2 of patients without BC at the end of the 3-year follow-up period; Group 4: Patients who have undergone BC surgery. Multiple regression tests assessed all known risk factors in groups 3 and 4 to determine the risk factors for the development of BC in Iraq. The results show that Gail's assessment model is a reliable example of calculating the risk of developing BC. The model results show that the significant risk factor for BC in Iraq is not hormonal but genetic or familial. Current research also shows that the risk of developing BC increases significantly with age. It was concluded that there are genetic factors, and the risk of developing BC increases with age, but hormonal features do not cause a significant increase in risk. Identifying risk factors in causing disease in the community makes it possible to prepare codified plans to control and treat the disease.

Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver, and hepatitis B is a common and dangerous liver disease caused by the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) of the DNA hepadnavirus family. In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) considered hepatitis B infection a major health problem worldwide. One way of transmitting this disease is a transmission from a carrier mother to a child. This study aimed to investigate the presence of HBV surface antigen in pregnant women referred to Kasra Al-Aini Hospital in Cairo. This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study that was performed on pregnant women. One thousand pregnant women were selected with their consent to participate in this study, and after preparing a blood sample, an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay kit, used for Hepatitis B Virus surface antigen detection, a questionnaire containing questions about socio-individual characteristics. Among 1000 samples, 13 samples were equal to 1.3% had HBsAg positive. No significant relationship was found between the prevalence of HBs Ag in the city and rural location, education, occupation, age, and history of abortion in pregnant women. History of dialysis in pregnant women, tattooing, and type of job of the pregnant woman was not considered risk factors. However, injection drug users, history of previous surgery, and blood transfusion can be considered suspicious factors (P≤0.05). The prevalence of hepatitis B infection in pregnant women in Cairo was 1.3, which is lower than the study statistics in most parts of the world. However, to evaluate this amount more accurately, there is a need to conduct a study with a higher sample size.

Dermatitis, like inflammation, is a group of common dermatological symptoms and may be associated with systemic and skin diseases. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effect of the topical allopurinol against inflammation like skin dermatitis induced by1-isobutyl-1H-imidazo [4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine (IQA) in mice model. The current study allocated the thirty-two mice into four groups (n=8) as follows: i) control group, mice where a white petroleum jelly base applied topically on the dorsal of mice once daily; ii) induction group, mice were received IQA cream (62.5 mg) of (5%) on their back once daily; and iii) the treatment group, mice were treated with both (62.5 mg) of (5%) IQA and (5%) allopurinol gel topically; the betamethasone group, mice were treated with both (62.5 mg) of (5%) IQA and betamethasone ointment topically. All groups were treated daily for seven days period. The allopurinol-treated group exerted non-significant differences compared with the induction group in both visional and histopathological changes. The present study revealed that the allopurinolgel (5%) did not affect skin inflammation- induced by IQA in the laboratory mice.