فهرست مطالب y. ghasemi

Confronting the crisis of water scarcity and the looming challenge of dwindling water resources is undeniably a grave concern. Consequently, the focus of agricultural science researchers has shifted towards the utilization of wastewater. One of the notable advantages of incorporating wastewater in agriculture is the potential to curtail the expenses associated with procuring irrigation water and employing chemical fertilizers.
 
Sari has a longitude and latitude of 53°01′ E and 36°33′ N, respectively, and its weather conditions are humid according to De-marten's climate classification. Its elevation is 21 above sea level and average annual temperature and precipitation, are17.9 ºC and 650 mm, respectively). In order to evaluate the effect of water stress and urban wastewater on the concentration of heavy metals, yield and some characteristics of basil, an experiment in a factorial format based on a completely randomized design with experimental treatments including; The first factor is the source of irrigation (I): [treated wastewater (TWW) and well water (WW)], and the second factor is water stress (S): [the lowest stress (S1, S2), medium stress (S3, S4) and severe stress (S5, S6)] were performed in three replications at the research farm of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (SANRU), Iran. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using ANOVA of SAS9.2, and the SNK post hoc test was employed to compare treatment means.
 
Based on the findings, Irrigation with wastewater increased plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight compared to irrigation with well water. So that the highest plant height, stem diameter, wet and dry weight were related to irrigation with wastewater with 44.3 cm, 3.1 mm, 8.5 and 3.3 g, respectively. Also, the effect of using treated wastewater on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids was significant (P ≤ 0.01). while it did not have significant effect on flavonoid, phenol and antioxidant activity. In the lowest stress, especially the S1 level, the amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, flavonoid, phenol and antioxidant activity compared to the S6 level decreased by 63.3, 32.8, 40.7, 45.8, 46.3, 55.5, and 9.8%, respectively. while the highest amount of plant height, fresh weight, dry weight and stem diameter at the S1 level was observed with 48.6 cm, 11.5 g, 3.51 g and 3.4 mm, respectively. The result shown that the Pb and Cd concentration in basil under irrigation with wastewater was 3.4 and 2.5 mg.kg-1, respectively, which increased by 13 and 9% compared to well water. Water stress affected the Pb and Cd concentration, but the Cr and Ni concentration did not change significantly. The highest Pb and Cd concentration was related to high stress level S5 and medium stress level S4 and the lowest level was observed in the lowest stress levels (S1 and S2). Also, the results showed that the Pb and Cd concentration was affected by the interaction effect of irrigation source and water stress. Thus, the highest Pb concentration was observed in irrigation with wastewater and water stress levels S4 and S5 with 3.41 and 3.40 mg.kg-1, respectively, and the lowest was related to irrigation with well water and water stress level S1 with 2.2 mg.kg-1. The highest Cd concentration was related to irrigation with wastewater and stress levels S4 and S5 with 2.6 and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively, and the lowest amount were observed in well water irrigation and stress levels S1 and S2, with 1.51 and 1.50 mg.kg-1, respectively. while the Cr and Ni concentrations did not significant.
 
Based on the findings of this research, irrigation with treated wastewater and application of water stress had significant effect on the morphological and phytochemical characteristics of basil. while the use of treated wastewater was ineffective on the biochemical characteristics of basil and only water stress conditions affected their levels. The Pb and Cd concentration in basil increased under the influence of irrigation with wastewater and water stress levels. But this increase was lower than the standards authorized reported by the researchers and did not cause much concern. the results shown that the water stress levels S4 and S5 can be considered appropriate in water efficiency and recommend the use of treated wastewater in basil irrigation considering the authorized standards.

The thornless Black berry (Rubus occidentalis) contains components such as elagic acid, anthocyanin, campherol and salicylic acid. So, it has high antioxidant activity that can inactivate the free radicals and prevent many diseases, such as cancer. Optimization of tissue culture methods for mass production and gene transfer is very important for blackberry. The present study was aimed at determining the effects of different plant growth regulators concentrations on regeneration and rooting and the effects of different concentrations of sucrose on rooting of thornless black berry (Rubus occidentalis L.) under in vitro conditions. Interaction of BA (0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg.L-1) and IBA (0 and 0.1 mg.L-1) was investigated on lateral bud explants regeneration. In the rooting stage, the effects of IBA and NAA each at four levels of 0.2, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 mg.L-1 as well as sucrose at four levels of 1, 1.5, 3, and 4.5% were studied. BA (1 and 1.5 mg.L-1) + IBA (0.1 mg.L-1) was the best regeneration treatment (regeneration: 100%, number of shoots: 4.6, and shoot length: 1.30 cm). The results indicated that the best rooting medium contained NAA (0.75 mg.L-1) and sucrose 3 and 4.5% (rooting: 100%, number of roots: 7.5, and root length: 2.88 cm).

 Haplophyllum canaliculatum isan endemicand endangeredIranian plant from Rutaceae family. The object of this work was to study the volatile production in established shoot and callus cultures of Haplophyllum canaliculatum as well as isolation, identification and sequencing of 18S rRNA gene from callus culture.

Shoot and callus cultures of H. canaliculatum were established from seedlings and shoot cultures, respectively. Both cultures were transferred to MS medium supplemented with α-naphthalene acetic acid (α-NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin (Kn). Volatiles from fresh callus and shoot cultures were extracted and analyzed by GC/MS. For 18S rRNA gene study, DNA content was extracted using PCR procedure. The study of sequence similarities was performed using NCBI database and GeneDoc software.

GC/MS analysis of H. canaliculatum showed that shoot cultures mainly contained piperitone (10.92%), and β-caryophyllene (12.67%) in addition to three alkaloids, while calli cultures of H. canaliculatum mainly contained methylated salicylate (31.55%), alkane structures like tetradecane (24.31%) and hexadecane (12.95%). Gene analysis showed 98% homology with certain species of Rutaceae, Meliaceae, Simaroubaceae, Burseraceae and Cneoraceae.

Our results showed that the hydrocarbon in addition to methyl salicylate biosynthetic pathway in calli cultures and terpene as well as alkaloid biosynthetic pathway were active in H. canaliculatum shoot cultures. Moreover, the obtained sequences could be used as a “DNA barcoding” tool through the concept of one sequence one species for the practical identification of this species.

The Current research tries to question if there is a difference is between household dimension among employed and housekeeping women of Ilam City. To In answer this question، firstly using a theoretical system including wise selection theories and cost and benefit، we tried to theoretically explain the problem and then theoretical claims were empirically analyzed.

Research method is experimental and the statistic population includes all employed women in Medical Science University of Ilam City and The control group includes all housekeeping women of Ilam City during 2013 (1392 Hijri Shamsi) year. In experimental group، systematic random sampling method was used in the control group، multiple-stage clustering method was utilized and based on Cochran formula samples of 500 were determined for each group. Then required information was collected by questionnaire.

Findings of this research show that there is a difference between job precedents variables (gender of their children، employment status of employed women، and their age، education and household dimension) of employed women. But there is not a meaningful difference between employed women and household dimension. Accordingly household dimension has less score among household with less employed woman than households with household women but the type of job has no effect in decreasing or increasing the household dimension. Discussion and

If we consider employed women as a huge part of the society it can be concluded that this important part of the society which grows daily does have a less household dimension with respect to housekeeping group. According to this result، as long as future population policies focus on reduction of country''s population، expanding the employment market for women is necessary; otherwise financial supports for employed women for assuring the childbearing is inevitable. Keywords: household dimension، household، employed women، women education، comparison of household dimension.

Mentha (Mint) is a genus of flowering plants in the Labiatae (Lamiaceae) family. Mints arearomatic, almost exclusively perennial, and rarely annual. Mint and its medicinal uses havebeen cited in many traditional manuscripts and since Mentha species have different medicalproperties and recognition of these species considering the characteristics mentioned intraditional manuscripts is difficult, we decided to elaborate the corresponding names intraditional medicine and characteristics of 4 native and one hybrid common species ofMentha in Iran including M. spicata, M. longifolia, M. pulegium, M. aquatica and M. ×piperita. The results of this work help the traditional medicine researchers to recognize themedicinal properties specified in traditional manuscripts for each Mentha species.

Growth, pigment compositions, nitrogenase activity, photosynthesis and heterosyct frequency fluctuations of dominant species Nostoc sp. JAH 109, isolated from rice field, were evaluated in combination of limited irradiance (2 uE.m-2.s-1), different pHs (5,7,9) and inorganic carbon availability. Nostoc sp. JAH 109, can be considered as an alkalophilic organism. Optimal growth rate were observed at pH 9. Size of phycobilisomes and relationship between photosystem II and photosystem I increased in pH 9 and DIC available condition. This strain could not grow well in acidic condition, but neutral and alkaline condition cause active carbon dioxide concentration mechanism system. The pattern of nitrogenase activity seems more or less regular and linear at the first days after inoculation both in neutral and alkaline conditions. With respect to nitrogenase activity, the highest rate was in pH 9 and DIC availability. This seems true for heterocyst frequency fluctuations too. The higher photosynthetic capacity (Pmax) per unit of chlorophyll was resulted in higher DIC concentration at alkaline condition.