فهرست مطالب yahya ostadi

Consumption of insects as alternative sustainable source of protein for humans and animals has been promoted. Other than nutritional benefits, insects could increase cost-effectiveness of food or feed systems. The present research aims to use analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to prioritize the challenges lying ahead of breeding and consumption of insects as feed and food in view of consumers.

This study was conducted by a descriptive-analytical method. The participants were inhabitants of Tehran (capital city of Iran). The current challenges ahead of edible insects were investigated according to the opinions of experts in the field and review of the relevant literatures. A questionnaire was prepared and further completed by 20 experts. The challenges were identified as eight criteria including economy, infrastructure, health and food, culture and attitude, management and support, legal limitation, sustainable development, and education. Then, 83 sub-criteria were defined for the eight criteria. In order to prioritize the criteria and the sub-criteria, a hierarchical tree was designed. At the end, paired comparison matrices were analyzed by Expert Choice 11 software and relative/final weights of the criteria and the sub-criteria were calculated.

Results showed that “health and food” with final weight of 0.335, “culture and attitude” with final weight of 0.222, and “education” with final weight of 0.190 were the top three challenges. Importantly, incompatibility rate was less than 0.1 in all cases. At sub-criteria level, acceptability of edible insects by people in term of “taste and odor”, “existence of pathogenic microorganisms”, and “possible poisoning in human” with final weights of 0.049, 0.037, and 0.035, respectively, were considered as the most important challenges. Our evaluation revealed that health-related issues were the main challenges in acceptance of insects as feed and food in Iran.

Considering that the world's population will increase to 9 billion by 2050, an important concern of today's societies is food supply for living organisms. Due to resource constraints, the amount of energy consumed to prepare animal protein, a population increase, rising food prices and many other cases, it is anticipated that extracted protein from edible insects due to the density of nutrients per gram, they are far better than beef or even fish, which can be included in the diet of livestock and poultry. In this study, fat and protein calculated together by Soxhlet and Keldal methods, moisture, ash and fiber by drying and burning method and carbohydrates by mathematical equation by Tenebrio molittor and Zophobas morio larvae to prepare livestock and poultry rations after 3 generations of feeding from carrots and potatoes With an average of 19.68 ± 0. 207 and 18.93 ± 0. 383 for protein and an average of 13.89± 0. 415 and 16.79± 0. 496 for fat. Also, fat, fiber and carbohydrate were higher in Zophobas morio larvae and moisture content was higher in Tenebrio molittor larvae, which there was no significant difference between the protein and ash content of the two larvae (P>0.05), but significant differences were observed between fat content, Moisture, fiber and carbohydrates (p < 0.05) which can be considered in the diet of livestock and poultry due to the presses of these compounds.

Honey is a supersaturated solution that contains fructose and glucose. Honey also contains minerals, proteins, amino acids, enzymes and vitamins. There is a wide range of partial compounds in honey that many of them have antioxidant properties. These compounds include phenolic acids and flavonoids, some enzymes (glucose oxidase, catalase) and amino acids. Fluvalinate is an insecticide, acaricide broad spectrum of pyrethroids products that can be used in bee hives, gardens, greenhouses and disinfection of cuttings. In this regard, in the present study, the amount of residue of fluvalinate in honey produced in Damavand region was measured with the aim of providing the health of consumers and preparing the ground for qualitative control of this product. The honey samples used in this study were prepared from six areas of Ayeneh Varzan, Aro, Havir, Mosha, Tar Lake and Damavand in June and September. The separation and detection of toxin were done by GC-MASS. Based on the results, the residue in June in all samples was more than the samples harvested in September. In this regard, the highest amount of residue was measured in June in Ayeneh Varzan (0.077 ppm) and the lowest was measured in September in Mosha (0.021 ppm).

Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized by several methods, but each of them has disadvantages. Chemical methods, have high toxicity and low stability, and physical methods, are costly and low-efficient. More recently, researchers have found a new technique for synthesizing AgNPs, using plants and microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. This method is called “eco-friendly”, “green synthesis” or “biosynthesis”. The aim of this investigation was, biosynthesis of AgNPs using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is one of the safe microorganisms that the AgNPs synthesized by it, are suitable for using in pharmacology and medicine purposes.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultured in sabraud dextrose broth and incubated at 28-30°c for 24 h, then it was centrifuged, and its supernatant was added to the silver nitrate solution with the concentration of 0.001, 0.002 and 0.003 M at pH: 5.6, 7 and 9, then incubated at 28 -35 and 37°c. The formation of AgNPs, was monitored by color-changing, uv-vis spectroscopy, TEM, XRD and FTIR. Antifungal effect of AgNPs on Candida albicans investigated by disc diffusion method. MIC and MFC were also measured.
The results, showed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae have had the great potential for synthesizing of AgNPs in the size of 27 nm and have shown the antifungal effect in the concentration of 37±0.29 μg/ml.
In this study, we have reported a simple, biological, easy and nontoxic method for synthesis of silver nanoparticles, which have had suitable antifungal effect on Candida albicans, by using one of the nonpathogenic microorganisms.

The current major challenge is how to make the world’s population in year 2050 reaches 9 billion saved from hunger? Along with recourse can strain’s. The price of food and protein has also increased and it causes a large number of people every day in the world to fall below the poverty line. Now this question arises to over count the problem of hunger of the earth’s population what the other sources are? Here the use of insect potential as a food and feed for humans and livestock and poultry can be a good solution for solving the global feed crisis and starvation. This research is a brief review of the history of edible insects in Iran and the world, nutritional value of insects, humans of food insects in worldwide and introducing some important species of insects and also challenges and opportunities ahead, and benefits and disadvantages of using insects as food.

To evaluate Diazinon residue in greenhouse cucumber in fruit and vegetable marketsin Tehrans, 90 samples were conducted from 59 area selected by stratified samplingmethod. First the samples divided by two groups, washed samples and not washedsamples, then each of them divided by three types peeled, not peeled and only peelings.The residues measured in all of the type samples extracted by solid phase extractionmethod and extracts analyzed by GC and GC/MS systems. Results showed that in twosamples there were residue higher than the Maximum Residual Levels, and the amountof residue were 1.2 ppm in washed and notpeeled sample (washed cucumber) and 10.4ppm in not washed peel sample.